The semantics of religious images in the art of the renaissance

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (152) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
V. M. Kavun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Power ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Religious Images ◽  
The World ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Religious Theme ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

Purpose of research is to consider the culture and art of the Renaissance and explore the semantics of religious images of the outlined period. Methodology. The tasks posed in this work led to the use of the following research methods, namely: analysis and synthesis, generalization and systematization of theoretical material, comparison and generalization of the result obtained in the process of studying theoretical material and specialized publications covering this issue. The solution of the tasks was achieved by applying the comparative historical, descriptive, logical and systemic methods. Scientific Novelty. The semantics of biblical images in the works of Renaissance artists are revealed. Conclusions. In the Renaissance, a completely new self-consciousness of a person is formed, among spiritual values, preference is given to the nobility and personal merits of the person. The meaning of life is not laid in the salvation of the soul, but in creativity, self-knowledge, serving humanity, society and not God. God, giving man free will, gave him the right to create his own destiny and determine his place in the world. Since the church of that time still had great power, the basic ideas of artists of that time were embodied in works with a religious theme, but in their painting, there were existing contradictions between the humanistic, deep life content ant traditional religious subjects. The works of the renaissance conveyed the being of the person around whom the biblical painting took place, all this was on one plane.

scholarly journals Brahma Sutra and Vedadikara Nirupanam (Authoritarian Critique of Vedas)

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-163
Author(s):  
Dr. K. Mini
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Sacred Text ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Vedic Period ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pure Knowledge

The Vedas are one of the oldest manuscripts in the world literature. The word Veda is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘vid’ which means knowledge, but it could be attributed as a bundle of knowledge of the Vedic period. All the Indian chronicles and myths extol the Vedas. There is not even a single mantra anywhere in the sacred text repudiating anyone the right to become versed in Vedas but the authority to study and teach the Vedas abounding with knowledge, has been interpreted as the right of a monopolized community gradually. Prominent social reformers like Dayananda Saraswati and Swami Vivekananda who visited India in the late 19th century argued that everyone has the right to study the Vedas. Meanwhile, Chattambi Swami wrote Vedadhikara Nirupanam, proclaiming that the right to study Veda belongs to everyone in Kerala. In this book, Chattambi Swami analyses extensively the question of who is qualified to study the Vedas and has explicitly established that everyone who has the desire to study the Vedas and the customs in rapport with it are eligible for the study. The dissension created by this work was tremendous during the time when the elite castes and scholars of the society strongly believed and argued that only Brahmins had the dominion to study the Vedas. Vyaptheshcha Samajasam is elaborated in the Brahma Sutras as follows. Para brahma swaroopi, Parameswaran (Lord Shiva) is omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient and absolute. On account of this, it is equitable to say that even if there is a disparity in the name or context of the theosophical form of knowledge, the objective serves as the same. The purpose of all techniques is to illustrate the essence of God in copious ways. They all have similarities in it. Therefore every theosophy is analogous. After reflecting the Vedic forms and significance of the Vedas, Chattambi Swami encompasses the principles of Shruti(what is heard), Yukti(logic) and Anubhavam (experience) and depicts his own perceptions. Similarly, Swami meticulously discusses who is a Brahmin. For instance, Swami examines whether any of these qualities like pure knowledge, birth, noble action and self knowledge make a person a Brahmin or a combination of all these. From this discussion it is implicit that a Brahmin is only one who has wisdom and associated noble deeds. The dogma that the Shudrascannot be educated ‘nasthrishudrau vedamathiyatham’, this verse is neither a Veda nor a Smriti, it is just a sutra (aphorism).It is not accepted or studied anywhere in Shruti (what is heard) Smriti (what is recollected) mythological texts. Therefore, it does not have to be accepted as a doctrine. The verse means that women and Shudras need not have to study but it cannot be interpreted that they are incapable to learn. Even if it is argued that Shudras (lowest ranked of the four varnas of Hindu caste system) have no authority to study the Puranas, many of the authors of the Puranas are Shudras. The veracity of the matter cannot be denied. Most people know that the author of the Suta Samhita is also a Shudra. Ergo, the eminence of that book cannot be deemed as inferior. Parasaran, the son of Odakkari, and Vyasa, the son of Mukuvathi (fisherwoman) compiled the Vedas and were also Brahmins.

scholarly journals Grundtvig i dag

1985 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-91
Author(s):  
William Michelsen
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Biblical Poetry ◽  
Sharp Distinction ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

Grundtvig TodayThe Land of the Living, 1984. Edited by Flemming Ettrup and Johannes H. Christensen.Reviewed by William MichelsenThe main content of this book is a series of lectures given at Skovshoved Church in Copenhagen in 1983. It is published by the Danish Library Society and contains important contributions to the current debate on Grundtvig. This is particularly true of the three lectures by the three professors, Christian Thodberg, Leif Grane and Aage Henriksen. Thodberg discovers the background for the poem The Land of the Living in Grundtvig’s sermons and biblical poetry. Leif Grane applies a present-day theological point of view to defend Grundtvig’s standpoint in The Church’s Retort (Kirkens Gienm.le), while Aage Henriksen maintains that Grundtvig himself cannot be bounded by the world of ideas represented by the Church. He is answered by Ejvind Larsen, and adds a “preliminary” reply himself.The reviewer points out that Aage Henriksen’s lecture was also given in a Danish church, and that the Danish Church is more open than most, thanks not least to Grundtvig’s great contribution to Church freedom from 1832 onwards. His greatness lies in the fact that at one and the same time he maintained the sharp distinction between Christianity and non-Christianity and the right for people of a different persuasion to speak with the same freedom as he himself and every other Christian.

scholarly journals Antara Otoritas Agama dengan Kebebasan Berpikir Galileo Galilei

ADALAH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Galileo Galilei ◽  
House Arrest ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

AbstrakSetiap manusia yang terlahir di dunia memiliki hak untuk berpikir dan mengutarakannya. Namun, kebebasan untuk mengutarakan suatu konsep keilmuan tertentu terkadang mengalami banyak kendala. Hal tersebut dikarenakan setiap kelompok masyarakat memiliki aturan dan kepercayaan yang berbeda. Hal tersebut membuat konsep hasil penemuan suatu ilmuan yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah mereka yakini menjadi suatu boomerang baginya. Keyakinan Galileo terhadap teori heliosentris Copernicus membuatnya harus menghabiskan sisa hidupnya sebagai tahanan rumah. Kepercayaan terhadap konsep matahari sebagai pusat tata surya, yang tetap teguh terus dipertahankannya berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dan penelitiannya, membuahkan pengakuan oleh gereja setelah kematiannya.Kata kunci: Galileo, heliosentris, pusat tata surya AbstractEvery human being born in the world has the right to think and express it. However, the freedom to express a particular scientific concept sometimes experiences many obstacles. That is because every community group has different rules and beliefs. This makes the concept of the findings of a scientist contrary to what they believe to be a boomerang for him. Galileo's belief in the Copernicus heliocentric theory left him with the rest of his life under house arrest. His belief in the concept of the sun as the center of the solar system, which he continued to maintain on the basis of his observations and research, led to the recognition of the church after his death.Keywords: Galileo, heliocentric, the center of the solar system 

scholarly journals Nilai Spiritual dalam Pemikiran Za'ba

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-158
Author(s):  
Ratna Roshida Ab Razak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Value Of Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right

Za‘ba, or his real name Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad is not just a preacher and thinker who has sharp eyes, but also a spiritual teacher. It is based on the idea that emphasizes its meaning, purpose and value of life, which should belong to every human being, especially to a Malay Muslim. Her contributions to the community is unbeatable. It underlines the general appreciation of Islam by emphasizing a determination to use the world for the happiness of life, here and in the hereafter. For Za‘ba, mistakes in thinking lead to weaknesses in making a decision and followed by a bad action. Za‘ba’s thinking goes beyond times. His writings are almost 70 years old, was found in Qalam magazine which was published in 1952, but the essence and the topics of discussion are still fresh and still relevant until today. The determination of the mindset to ensure that the Malays are on the right track again, as it was recommended in Islam is very evident in his writing. Therefore, this work aims to examine and analyze Za‘ba’s spiritual values found in his mind through his writings.

scholarly journals ’n Praktiese-teologiese ondersoek na prediking en die effek van sosiale kognisie in die handeling van kontek-stualisering

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F.P. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The World ◽  
Church And Society ◽  
Practical Theological ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

A practical theological investigation on preaching and the effect of social cognition in the act of contextualisation. It is indicated in recent research that church and society are conscious of each other through their observation of one another – a process also known as social cognition. This article intends to investigate the manner in which the church is observingsociety. The following research question is stated: Which role can preaching play to foster good neighbourship in society and what is the aspects that influence the cognition of the church as community of believers? This research will be undertaken from a practical-theological vantage point. This field of research shows a tangency with the fields of Ecclesiology and Missiology. From these two fields the importance of the practical-theological field of research will be indicated. This research will further investigate the problematic praxis through an intradisciplinary discourse with the field of Social Psychology. In this exposition it will be indicated that the founding and functioning of social cognition is a natural process although it also has it complexities. From a normative vantage point investigation on Jeremiah 29 and Matthew 5 will be undertaken in order to state that the right cognition is important for internalising sermons and the conveyance of sermons into daily life. Distortions, in the process of social cognition, can also cultivate a wrong view on what it entails to be salt and light in the world. Practical-theoretical perspectives on the benefit of a good name in society will be provided that will be favourable for the preaching of the Word.Keyword: Homiletics

Temporal and Spiritual Regalia during the Reigns of St. Louis and Philip III

Traditio ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 351-383
Author(s):  
Gerard J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Lay Leaders ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Gregorian Reform ◽  
Spiritual Freedom ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Gregorian reform of the eleventh century mounted a massive attack on lay control over churches and church appointments, yet the degree to which this attack succeeded in attaining its objectives varied from country to country. Local conditions and personalities were important in determining the outcome of the struggle over investiture and other related questions, but neither side achieved a complete victory, because the final agreements between clerical and lay leaders were a compromise which produced the usual mixture of satisfaction and disappointment. The church gained the most substantial victory, for the smothering stranglehold of the laity over the church and churchmen was broken, nevermore to be restored in the Middle Ages. Increased spiritual freedom for the church in subsequent centuries resulted from the struggle of the mid-eleventh century. Nevertheless, the church had not broken completely from its close ties with the world of feudalism. If bishoprics, abbeys, and parish churches were not feudal possessions of kings and nobles, laymen still retained many rights reminiscent of the earlier days when laymen claimed a proprietary right over the churches in their areas. The purpose of this paper is to consider one of these remnants of earlier days: the right of regalia I will examine the right of regalia, temporal and spiritual, together with some related institutions during the reigns of St. Louis and Philip III of France.

Apartheid and the Church in South Africa

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Koji Taira
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Inhibiting Factor ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

In order to be truly the body of Christ in the world, the Church seeks the right to give free, unrestricted expression to its basic functions such as worship, proclamation, fellowship, service and teaching. In an avowedly Christian country it legitimately proceeds on the assumption that this right is given. Apartheid legislation and custom, however, place serious restrictions on these basic functions, as well as on the overall administration of the Church.Apart from specific restrictions contained in legislation, there is also the inhibiting factor of uncertainty engendered by the wideness and vagueness of many regulations and laws. A climate of opinion has developed, encouraged by the plethora of regulations and laws, which makes even legally permissible actions seem doubtful and possibly dangerous.

scholarly journals Żyć mocą Ducha Bożego w Kościele

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 56-86
Author(s):  
Jacek Neumann ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theological Interpretation ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Human World ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

Our life as the Christen in the community ecclesial is the announcement about God, which gives the people the gifts of love, freedom, friendship and truth. Through the forgiveness and the activity of the salvation of God, love and friendship in man’s life makes the human world more divine. This Jesus accents in His proclamation about the kingdom divine, specially in the parables, where He presents the model of the world based on love, hope, faith and freedom as the world of deeds based on God. Therefore, with the power of God’s Spirit, man has to make his life based on the norm of divine, because only in God, with God and through God exists for man the possibility to life now on earth, and afterwards in the future in heaven. In this situation, the answer of the man of faith has to be the motivation to take up the “deed” of the renovation of self-life and the imitation of God. This constitutes as the Christian thought that the central point of the theological interpretation of the value of salvation is realized – hic et nun – as the historical and existential value of the human life in the right of the kingdom divine. The proclamation of Jesus about the “new life”, presents to man the values of the divine existence in the spiritual of the Church. On one hand, it is the gift of freedom and the liberation from sin, where the love of God is absolutely necessary. On the other hand, the “new life” opens for man the space of liberty of life, where God forgives the human offences and the sins, both past and present. Well now the resume of the call to imitate God is the acceptance of the divine gift, which changes the man himself, and all the people, who seek the help and good councils to live the norm divine. These witnesses in the human mentality the consciousness of the existence based on the divine laws, which have in themselves the dimension eschatological.

scholarly journals “The Golden Age of Patristics”: Hellenophonic Patristic Discourse in the 4th–6th Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Д. С. Верланов
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
True Knowledge ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Church

In the early 4th century the Roman Empire suffered a number of important socio-political changes. TheEdict of Milan (313), having recognised in full the existence of the Church and its rights for worship, declaredreligions toleration, and put the end to the era of persecutions, but at the same time actualised and reinforced thestruggle of ideas between Christians and pagans. This controversy between Christians and pagans contributedimmensely to process of the becoming of Christian intellectual culture. In order to answer the most burningquestions and challenges of the time, the fathers of the Church deepened understanding and interpretation ofthe message of the Bible, created a large moral and ascetic literature, designed the dogmatic system. The mainpurpose of the present study is to specify the origins and main directions of patristic thought. In order to dothis I examine how fathers of the Church solve complex philosophical and theological issues, focusing on theepistemic aspect of the issue.According to the patristic tradition, the first step to acquire the true knowledge is to cleanse the self fromevery impurity of sin and passions. It is attained through keeping God’s commandments and maintaining asceticefforts. The sign of correct spiritual growth is a specific ability to penetrate into nature of things, which thefathers call “διάκρισις”. The fathers of the Church and Christian writers of the epoch recognise this ability asa religio-intuitive. One who receives this gift of divine grace becomes able of self-knowledge, distinguishingbetween good and evil, and understanding of the will of God. A Christian who possesses it becomes fully awareof personal spiritual condition, and as a result becomes capable to make the right choice of the way of salvation.There are two sources of the knowledge of God: natural (from the experience of being into the world) andsupernatural (divine revelation). The cognitive process therefore has two major aspects: sensual and speculative.The senses allow knowing God from his creation, as the mind or intellect enables man to contemplating ofincorporeal. The latter aspect enables one to self-knowledge or introspection and contemplation of the mind orsoul, which has been created in the image and likeness of God.The clarification of the Hellenophonic patristic discourse in 4th–6th centuries, on a large scale, allowsreconstructing another important phenomenon of this period, known as the “Golden Age” of Patristics.

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