scholarly journals The Psychosocial Impact of Diabetes and its Management in Women: A Review of Current Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Shweta Sharma ◽  
Rajnish Mahadya Dhediya ◽  
Kumar Gaurav
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Social Discrimination ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
To Receive

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic debilitating disease affecting 463 million people which accounts for 9.3% of the population globally as of 2019. Although diabetes affects men and women equally (prevalence in men: 9.6%, women: 9%), women are more severely impacted by its complications such as heart disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy. This gender difference in consequences of DM may be due to biological reasons, it is also a reality that globally women tend to receive less intensive care and treatment for diabetes compared to men. In low-income countries, women suffer unduly from economic, political, and social discrimination, and subsequently from poor health, lack of education, and employment.

scholarly journals Developing a New Technical Strategy for Rail Infrastructure in Low-Income Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blumenfeld ◽  
Wemakor ◽  
Azzouz ◽  
Roberts
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Rail Infrastructure ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Economic Constraints

Low-income countries (LICs) in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are investing in new railway lines to replace deteriorated infrastructure from the 19th and 20th century. These actions, despite financial and economic constraints, have been justified in common visions of continent-wide efficient networks to cope with the demands of growing populations. However, most of the recent rail infrastructure projects are driven by international suppliers’ preferences and financing rather than creating railways that match the requirements of interoperable regional networks. This paper therefore explores the current status of rail infrastructure in these LICs and the operational performance achieved to understand specific capability gaps in each regional network. Drawing from the experience of European countries in transforming regional future visions into applied research, a technical strategy for rail infrastructure in LICs is proposed. The strategy captures the key capabilities to be addressed in order to achieve future performance goals, while emphasizing the need for emerging technologies to be used in fit-for-purpose solutions. It is envisioned that the strategy will provide the basis for the development of continental technical strategy programs with specific technology roadmaps towards a common goal.

scholarly journals How Do Hours Worked Vary with Income? Cross-Country Evidence and Implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Bick ◽  
Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln ◽  
David Lagakos
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Individual

This paper builds a new internationally comparable database of hours worked to measure how hours vary with income across and within countries. We document that average hours worked per adult are substantially higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries. The pattern of decreasing hours with aggregate income holds for both men and women, for adults of all ages and education levels, and along both the extensive and intensive margin. Within countries, hours worked per worker are also decreasing in the individual wage for most countries, though in the richest countries, hours worked are flat or increasing in the wage. One implication of our findings is that aggregate productivity and welfare differences across countries are larger than currently thought. (JEL E23, E24, J22, J31, O11, O15)

scholarly journals Improving hand hygiene measures in low-resourced intensive care units: experience at the Kigali University Teaching Hospital in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Paul Mvukiyehe ◽  
Eugene Tuyishime ◽  
Anne Ndindwanimana ◽  
Jennifer Rickard ◽  
Olivier Manzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Intervention Adherence

Background: Proper hand hygiene (HH) practices have been shown to reduce healthcare-acquired infections. Several potential challenges in low-income countries might limit the feasibility of effective HH, including preexisting knowledge gaps and staffing. Aim: We sought to evaluate the feasibility of the implementation of effective HH practice at a teaching hospital in Rwanda. Methods: We conducted a prospective quality improvement project in the intensive care unit (ICU) at the Kigali University Teaching Hospital. We collected data before and after an intervention focused on HH adherence as defined by the World Health Organization ‘5 Moments for Hand Hygiene’ and assuring availability of HH supplies. Pre-intervention data were collected throughout July 2019, and HH measures were implemented in August 2019. Post-implementation data were collected following a 3-month wash-in. Results: In total, 902 HH observations were performed to assess pre-intervention adherence and 903 observations post-intervention adherence. Overall, HH adherence increased from 25% (222 of 902 moments) before intervention to 75% (677 of 903 moments) after intervention (P < 0.001). Improvement was seen among all health professionals (nurses: 19–74%, residents: 23–74%, consultants: 29–76%). Conclusions: Effective HH measures are feasible in an ICU in a low-income country. Ensuring availability of supplies and training appears key to effective HH practices.

scholarly journals Brain death in low-income countries: a report from Malawi

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Prin ◽  
Caroline Quinsey ◽  
Clement Kadyaudzu ◽  
Eldad Hadar ◽  
Anthony Charles
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Postoperative Monitoring ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Death Data

Most low-income nations have no practice guidelines for brain death; data describing brain death in these regions is absent. Our retrospective study describes the prevalence of brain death among patients treated in an intensive care unit (ICU) at a referral hospital in Malawi. The primary outcome was designation of brain death in the medical chart. Of 449 ICU patients included for analysis between September 2016 and May 2018, 43 (9.6%) were diagnosed with brain death during the ICU admission. The most common diagnostic reasons for admission among these patients were trauma (49%), malaria (16%) and postoperative monitoring after general abdominal surgery (19%). All patients diagnosed with brain death were declared dead in the hospital, after cardiac death. In conclusion, the incidence of brain death in a Malawi ICU is substantially higher than that seen in high-income ICU settings. Brain death is not treated as clinical death in Malawi.

Current status of HIV treatment in Asia and the Pacific region

Sexual Health ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angsana Phuphuakrat ◽  
Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul ◽  
Somnuek Sungkanuparph
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Living With Hiv

Asia and the Pacific represent a diverse group of nations facing HIV epidemic profiles of differing severity. Compared to other parts of the world, the burden of HIV disease is high in this region because of its large populations. At the end of 2011, 5 million people were living with HIV in Asia and the Pacific. This accounted for 15% of people living with HIV worldwide. The prevalence of people living with HIV, as well as access to HIV treatment and care, varies widely between countries. Differences between high-income economies and the rest of the continent are remarkable. Many high-income countries provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) to their citizens. Middle- and low-income countries have rapid ART scale-up and are dependent on international funding. This may compromise the sustainability of ART availability. In addition, lack of access to second- and third-line therapy remains a problem in many countries. The global goal of achieving universal access to ART by 2015 requires mainly low- and middle-income countries to be targeted. Regional policy should be developed in order to identify new infections in key populations, to start earlier treatment, to retain patients in care and to maintain funding.

scholarly journals Solanum anguivi Lam. Fruits: Their Potential Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2044
Author(s):  
Aisha Musaazi Sebunya Nakitto ◽  
John H. Muyonga ◽  
Yusuf Byenkya Byaruhanga ◽  
Anika E. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Antidiabetic Effects

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder of glucose homeostasis associated with a status of insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, β-cell dysfunction, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, sub-clinical inflammation, and increased oxidative stress. Consuming fruits and vegetables rich in phytochemicals with potential antidiabetic effects may prevent T2DM and/or support a conservative T2DM treatment while being safer and more affordable for people from low-income countries. Solanum anguivi Lam. fruits (SALF) have been suggested to exhibit antidiabetic properties, potentially due to the presence of various phytochemicals, including saponins, phenolics, alkaloids, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids. For the saponin fraction, antidiabetic effects have already been reported. However, it remains unclear whether this is also true for the other phytochemicals present in SALF. This review article covers information on glucose homeostasis, T2DM pathogenesis, and also the potential antidiabetic effects of phytochemicals present in SALF, including their potential mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON MEDICAMENTS USED IN MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
ANUPAM JAMWAL
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Diabetes has a global prevalence in developed countries and rapidly flexing its roots in middle-and low-income countries. According to the World Health Organization, it is a major cause of kidney collapse, heart problems, and lower limb amputation. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder showing an uncontrolled increase in blood glucose levels. To date, no permanent cure has been developed for the complete restoration of impaired glucose haemostasis. With the use of therapeutic agents and nontherapeutic agents, glucose levels can be kept in control for a very long time. The foremost goal of all current ongoing treatments is to control high blood glucose levels, reduction in elevated lipid levels, and delay in the progression of diabetes-related complications. Various therapeutics agents are developed in recent decades, which shown very promising results in the management of diabetes mellitus. These agents prescribed after reviewing the clinical symptoms and situation of an individual patient. This review compiles noteworthy information related to clinically approved medicaments for diabetes mellitus. Review emphasis on categorization, mechanism of action, noted adverse effects along with the physiological responses of used medicines to treat diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals A Handy Preterm Infant Incubator for Providing Intensive Care: Simulation, 3D Printed Prototype, and Evaluation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira J. Zaylaa ◽  
Mohamad Rashid ◽  
Mounir Shaib ◽  
Imad El Majzoub
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Infant Incubator ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Overall Performance

Preterm infants encounter an abrupt delivery before their complete maturity during the third trimester of pregnancy. Polls anticipate an increase in the rates of preterm infants for 2025, especially in middle- and low-income countries. Despite the abundance of intensive care methods for preterm infants, such as, but not limited to, commercial, transport, embrace warmer, radiant warmer, and Kangaroo Mother Care methods, they are either expensive, lack the most essential requirements or specifications, or lack the maternal-preterm bond. This drove us to carry this original research and innovative idea of developing a new 3D printed prototype of a Handy preterm infant incubator. We aim to provide the most indispensable intensive care with the lowest cost, to bestow low-income countries with the Handy incubator’s care, preserve the maternal -preterm’s bond, and diminish the rate of mortality. Biomedical features, electronics, and biocompatible materials were utilized. The design was simulated, the prototype was 3D printed, and the outcomes were tested and evaluated. Simulation results showed the best fit for the Handy incubator’s components. Experimental results showed the 3D-printed prototype and the time elapsed to obtain it. Evaluation results revealed that the overall performance of Kangaroo Mother Care and the embrace warmer was 75 ± 1.4% and 66.7 ± 1.5%, respectively, while the overall performance of our Handy incubator was 91.7 ± 1.6%, thereby our cost-effective Handy incubator surpassed existing intensive care methods. The future step is associating the Handy incubator with more specifications and advancements.

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