scholarly journals Returning to the Hallmarks of Cancer: A Brief Review and Revision

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Kaushalendra Mani Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cellular Energetics ◽  
Immune Destruction ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Proliferative Signaling

The hallmarks of cancer represent principals and mechanisms on which, different types of cancers function and proliferate, These principals which also include the revised edition include sustained proliferative signaling, Evading growth suppressors , avoiding immune destruction, enabling replicative immortality, tumor promoting inflammation, activating invasion and metastasis, Inducing angiogenesis, genome instability and mutation, resisting cell death, deregulating cellular energetics. This article reviews these hallmarks and suggests any additional hallmark that can be further investigated and integrated into the revised edition , Hanahan and Weinberg’s hallmark of cancer are great pillars of understanding for modern cancer study and are open to modification , making it easily approachable ,critiqued and adds the possibility of additions in the near future. The role of exosomes are discussed with the potential to categorize drug resistance as a separate hallmark to assist us in developing therapeutics that can counter or bypass these mechanisms that assist cancer cells to proliferate even further.

scholarly journals ASCT2 and LAT1 Contribution to the Hallmarks of Cancer: From a Molecular Perspective to Clinical Translation

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Catarina Lopes ◽  
Carina Pereira ◽  
Rui Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Selective Inhibitor ◽  
Cancer Prognosis ◽  
Amino Acid Transporters ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Cellular Energetics ◽  
Proliferative Signaling

The role of the amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer has been explored throughout the years. In this review, we report their impact on the hallmarks of cancer, as well as their clinical significance. Overall, both proteins have been associated with cell death resistance through dysregulation of caspases and sustainment of proliferative signaling through mTOR activation. Furthermore, ASCT2 appears to play an important role in cellular energetics regulation, whereas LAT1 expression is associated with angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis activation. The molecular impact of these proteins on the hallmarks of cancer translates into various clinical applications and both transporters have been identified as prognostic factors in many types of cancer. Concerning their role as therapeutic targets, efforts have been undertaken to synthesize competitive or irreversible ASCT2 and LAT1 inhibitors. However, JHP203, a selective inhibitor of the latter, is, to the best of our knowledge, the only compound included in a Phase 1 clinical trial. In conclusion, considering the usefulness of ASCT2 and LAT1 in a variety of cancer-related pathways and cancer therapy/diagnosis, the development and testing of novel inhibitors for these transporters that could be evaluated in clinical trials represents a promising approach to cancer prognosis improvement.

scholarly journals Sweetening the hallmarks of cancer: Galectins as multifunctional mediators of tumor progression

2019 ◽  
Vol 217 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Romina Girotti ◽  
Mariana Salatino ◽  
Tomás Dalotto-Moreno ◽  
Gabriel A. Rabinovich
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Proliferative Signaling ◽  
Organizing Principles

Hanahan and Weinberg have proposed 10 organizing principles that enable growth and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. These distinctive and complementary capabilities, defined as the “hallmarks of cancer,” include the ability of tumor cells and their microenvironment to sustain proliferative signaling, evade growth suppressors, resist cell death, promote replicative immortality, induce angiogenesis, support invasion and metastasis, reprogram energy metabolism, induce genomic instability and inflammation, and trigger evasion of immune responses. These common features are hierarchically regulated through different mechanisms, including those involving glycosylation-dependent programs that influence the biological and clinical impact of each hallmark. Galectins, an evolutionarily conserved family of glycan-binding proteins, have broad influence in tumor progression by rewiring intracellular and extracellular circuits either in cancer or stromal cells, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In this review, we dissect the role of galectins in shaping cellular circuitries governing each hallmark of tumors, illustrating relevant examples and highlighting novel opportunities for treating human cancer.

scholarly journals The Immunobiology of Cancer: An Update Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Meiliana ◽  
Nurrani Mustika Dewi ◽  
Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Genome Instability ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Proliferative Signaling ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Do So

BACKGROUND: The introduction of mechanism based targeted therapies to treat human cancers has been pledge as one of the results of three decades of remarkable progress of research into the mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis. We ponder how the description of hallmark principles is start to inform therapeutic development currently and may increasingly do so in the future.CONTENT: There are 10 biological capabilities involved as the hallmarks of cancer, during the multistep of human tumors development. These hallmarks simplify the complexities of neoplastic disease into a structured rational principles, includes sustaining proliferative signaling, eluding growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, genome instability, inflammation, reprogramming energy metabolism and evading immune destruction.SUMMARY: The 10 hallmarks of cancer, in other words, the tumor’s distinctive and complementary capabilities that enable its growth and metastatic dissemination, continue to provide a solid foundation for understanding the biology of cancer. The acknowledgment of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly influence the development of new manners to treat human cancer.KEYWORDS: hallmark of cancer, cancer genome, inflammation, cancer immunology, metastasis

scholarly journals Bacteria–Cancer Interface: Awaiting the Perfect Storm

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1321
Author(s):  
Jonathan Pommer Hansen ◽  
Waled Mohammed Ali ◽  
Rajeeve Sivadasan ◽  
Karthika Rajeeve
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Cellular Energetics ◽  
Immune Destruction ◽  
Perfect Storm

Epidemiological evidence reveal a very close association of malignancies with chronic inflammation as a result of persistent bacterial infection. Recently, more studies have provided experimental evidence for an etiological role of bacterial factors disposing infected tissue towards carcinoma. When healthy cells accumulate genomic insults resulting in DNA damage, they may sustain proliferative signalling, resist apoptotic signals, evade growth suppressors, enable replicative immortality, and induce angiogenesis, thus boosting active invasion and metastasis. Moreover, these cells must be able to deregulate cellular energetics and have the ability to evade immune destruction. How bacterial infection leads to mutations and enriches a tumour-promoting inflammatory response or micro-environment is still not clear. In this review we showcase well-studied bacteria and their virulence factors that are tightly associated with carcinoma and the various mechanisms and pathways that could have carcinogenic properties.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Role of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) in Cancer: Focus on Drug Resistance

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1792
Author(s):  
Debashri Manna ◽  
Devanand Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Hallmarks Of Cancer ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Resistance To Chemotherapy

Cancer development results from the acquisition of numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells themselves, as well as continuous changes in their microenvironment. The plasticity of cancer cells allows them to continuously adapt to selective pressures brought forth by exogenous environmental stresses, the internal milieu of the tumor and cancer treatment itself. Resistance to treatment, either inherent or acquired after the commencement of treatment, is a major obstacle an oncologist confronts in an endeavor to efficiently manage the disease. Resistance to chemotherapy, chemoresistance, is an important hallmark of aggressive cancers, and driver oncogene-induced signaling pathways and molecular abnormalities create the platform for chemoresistance. The oncogene Astrocyte elevated gene-1/Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH) is overexpressed in a diverse array of cancers, and its overexpression promotes all the hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. The present review provides a comprehensive description of the molecular mechanism by which AEG-1 promotes tumorigenesis, with a special emphasis on its ability to regulate chemoresistance.

scholarly journals The Pathogenic Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway in Cancer Onset and Drug Resistance: An Updated Review

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3949
Author(s):  
Federica Rascio ◽  
Federica Spadaccino ◽  
Maria Teresa Rocchetti ◽  
Giuseppe Castellano ◽  
Giovanni Stallone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

The PI3K/AKT pathway is one of the most frequently over-activated intracellular pathways in several human cancers. This pathway, acting on different downstream target proteins, contributes to the carcinogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumour cells. A multi-level impairment, involving mutation and genetic alteration, aberrant regulation of miRNAs sequences, and abnormal phosphorylation of cascade factors, has been found in multiple cancer types. The deregulation of this pathway counteracts common therapeutic strategies and contributes to multidrug resistance. In this review, we underline the involvement of this pathway in patho-physiological cell survival mechanisms, emphasizing its key role in the development of drug resistance. We also provide an overview of the potential inhibition strategies currently available.

scholarly journals MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
N. E. Kushlinskii ◽  
M. V. Nemtsova
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Tumor Stroma ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Tumor Genome ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Proliferative Signaling

The review presents the main and additional features that distinguish tumor cells from normal tissue cells. They include sustained proliferative signaling, evasion from growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, angiogenesis induction, and invasion and metastasis activation. Basis for the formation of these features is provided by tumor genome instability. Tumors are complex tissues that consist of different cell types interacting with each other as well as with normal cells. An important characteristic of tumor cells is the ability to interact with the tumor microenvironment and the formation of tumor stroma.

scholarly journals Role of MicroRNAs in Human Osteosarcoma: Future Perspectives

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Lola Llobat ◽  
Olivia Gourbault
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cancer ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
High Death Rate ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Death ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Cancer In Children

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare form of cancer with high death rate but is one of the most frequent forms of bone cancer in children and adolescents. MiRNAs are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. The discovery of miRNAs could allow us to obtain an earlier diagnosis, predict prognosis and chemoresistance, and lead to the discovery of new treatments in different types of tumors, including OS. Despite the fact that there is currently only one clinical trial being carried out on a single miRNA for solid tumors, it is very probable that the number of clinical trials including miRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets, will increase in the near future. This review summarizes the different miRNAs related to OS and their possible therapeutic application.

Nanotherapy Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Shen Gong ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Hong-Xia Xu ◽  
Ming-Yong Miao ◽  
Zhen-Zhen Yao
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Tumor Resistance ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Passive Targeting ◽  
Different Types

Cancer is characterized by high mortality and low curability. Recent studies have shown that the mechanism of tumor resistance involves not only endogenous changes to tumor cells, but also to the tumor microenvironment (TME), which provides the necessary conditions for the growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells, akin to Stephen Paget’s hypothesis of “seed and soil.” Hence, the TME is a significant target for cancer therapy via nanoparticles, which can carry different kinds of drugs targeting different types or stages of tumors. The key step of nanotherapy is the achievement of accurate active or passive targeting to trigger drugs precisely at tumor cells, with less toxicity and fewer side effects. With deepened understanding of the tumor microenvironment and rapid development of the nanomaterial industry, the mechanisms of nanotherapy could be individualized according to the specific TME characteristics, including low pH, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and increased expression of metalloproteinase. However, some abnormal features of the TME limit drugs from reaching all tumor cells in lethal concentrations, and the characteristics of tumors vary in numerous ways, resulting in great challenges for the clinical application of nanotherapy. In this review, we discuss the essential role of the tumor microenvironment in the genesis and development of tumors, as well as the measures required to improve the therapeutic effects of tumor microenvironment-targeting nanoparticles and ways to reduce damage to normal tissue.

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