scholarly journals Community Agency and Islamic Education in Contemporary Zanzibar

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Bolton

Western liberal political philosophy, which undergirds the conception of the modern nation-state as theorized by European philosophers of liberalism from centuries past, is primarily concerned with the dynamics of rights and responsibilities between the individual and state institutions. In defining these dynamics, some philosophers held an assumption of human nature as inherently inclined toward selfish ends...

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Phillips ◽  
Joshua D. Margolis

Abstract:The organization is importantly different from both the nation-state and the individual and hence needs its own ethical models and theories, distinct from political and moral theory. To develop a case for organizational ethics, this paper advances arguments in three directions. First, it highlights the growing role of organizations and their distinctive attributes. Second, it illuminates the incongruities between organizations and moral and political philosophy. Third, it takes these incongruities, as well as organizations’ distinctive attributes, as a starting point for suggesting an agenda for an ethics of organizations.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103
Author(s):  
Felipe Ribeiro

Resumo O presente trabalho tem por objetivo comparar duas noções diferentes de política, correlatas a duas noções como que simétricas e opostas do que seja a natureza humana, a saber: o conceito aristotétlica de política, e o conceito hobbesiana da mesma. Enquanto a noção teleológica da política aristotélica, segundo a qual a parte é anterior ao todo, o conduzia a tese segundo a qual o homem é naturalmente político, a inflexão materialista-mecanicista da filosofia hobbesiana acabaria por inverter esse quadro: o indivíduo, entendido como conjunto de relações mecânicas torna-se o centro da análise filosófica, e a política passa a ser uma convenção criada pacificar o estado de guerra de todos contra todos. Como interpretar essa transformação do sentido da política? Recorremos a um argumento de Habermas, segundo o qual o conceito hobbesiana de política corresponde ao aparecimento do mercado capitalista, que reifica as relações humanas e subordina a política à busca pelas satisfações materiais individuais. Nesse sentido, mais do que mera opção metodológica, a filosofia de Hobbes ganha o interesse para um diagnóstico de época, de como a política passa a operar com a generalização das relações de mercado.   Abstract The objective of the present work is to compare two different notions of politics correlated to two oppositive notions of what the human nature is: the aristotelian conception of politics, and the hobbesian one. While Aritotle’s theleological notion of politics, that conceives the whole as prior to the parts, made him defend the theses according to which man is by nature a political being, the materialist turn took by hobbesian philosophy would invert this previous scene: the individual, understoond as a compound of mechanical relations, becomes the center of the analisys, and politics becomes a convetion created to pacify the state of war of all against all. What could one say about this transformation of the very notion of politics? We will resort at this point to an argument put foward by Habermas, according to which the hobbesian notion of politics corresponds to the rise of the capitalist market that reifies human relations and subjects politics to the search for invidual material satisfactions. Thus, more than a mere methodological alternative, Hobbes’s political philosophy reveals itself as an epoch diagnosis about the transformation of politics due to the generalization of market relations.


2011 ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.d. Crano

This article recounts Foucault’s critical reevaluation of Thomas Hobbes in his 1975-76 lecture course, published as Society Must Be Defended (2003). In probing Hobbes’ pivotal role in the foundation of the modern nation-state, Foucault delineates the ”philosophico-juridical” discourse of Leviathan from the ”historico-political” discourses of the English insurrectionists whose uncompromising demands were ultimately paved over by the more conventional seventeenth century debate between royalists and parliamentarians. In his most sustained engagement with political philosophy proper, Foucault effectively severs the two co-constitutive terms, enumerating the damning consequences of thinking politics apart from history and philosophy apart from the laws and codes that had been “born in the mud and blood of battles.” Displacing himself in the archive, Foucault doubles the Levellers and Diggers’ efforts to restage the violent conquests that undergird our seemingly calm governmental regimes. This doubling, I argue, evinces the profound influence of Deleuze’s innovative ontology of time on Foucault’s genealogical method. Foucault’s research strategy takes a fundamental turn towards specific techniques of cultural memory in the wake of his colleague’s radical reconceptualization of virtuality, difference, and repetition. To this end, I take up Foucault’s review essay ”Theatrum Philosophicum” and his comments on method in ”Nietzsche, Genealogy, History” in order to draw an analogy between what he does in 1976 and what the Levellers and Diggers were doing in 1651. In the final analysis, genealogy means war, and, in this war, it is the very being of the virtual itself that is at stake.


2016 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
S. V. Kudryashova

The individual forensic activity in comparison with the activity of forensic experts of specialized state institutions is considered, the main advantages and disadvantages are determined. The directions of development of specialized state and non-state forensic institutions are presented in accordance with R. Quinn's competing values model.


Author(s):  
Daniel Brayton

The aesthetic appeal of coasts is due in part to the indeterminacy of the intertidal zone. The imagination finds room to play where land and sea meet. This chapter explores the coastal zone that lies at the heart of a novel considered by many to be the first modern spy thriller, Erskine Childers’s The Riddle of the Sands: A Record of Secret Service. Childers develops the notion of coastal indeterminacy as a figure for the boundaries, ambitions, and limitations of the modern nation-state. The journey of Childers’s characters through a north Atlantic archipelago that extends from the German coast draws a line of association between Europe and Britain, whose form depends on coastlines, estuaries, and shallows. In following this course, Childers creates a narrative fiction that shifts between charts, borders, and languages.


2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Gerhards ◽  
Silke Hans

Globalization and Europeanization processes have led to an increasing public sphere deficit. This deficit can be addressed by a transnationalization of the individual countries’ national public spheres. This requires a perception of discussions in other national public spheres, a condition which is met if citizens of a nation-state follow reporting of issues in other countries. Using Eurobarometer surveys, we examine the extent to which citizens of 27 European countries engage with foreign media and the factors that determine participation in a transnational public sphere. Only a small minority of EU citizens engage with foreign media, and there are considerable differences between countries and citizens. Using multilevel techniques we find that besides other factors education, professional status and multilingualism play a crucial role in explaining participation in a transnational public sphere, resources which are distributed very unevenly among citizens. Thus, participation in a transnational public sphere is an issue of social inequality.


Author(s):  
Alessandra Silveira ◽  
José Gomes André ◽  

This paper includes the exam of a Ph.D thesis about James Madison’s political philosophy, as well as the answers presented by the candidate to several criticai observations. Various themes are considered, though always surrounding Madison’s work: the peculiar characteristics of his federalism, the relationship between the idea of human nature and the elaboration of political models, the political and constitutional controversies that Madison entangled with several figures from its time (namely Alexander Hamilton), the problem of “judicial review” and the place of “constitutionality control” taken from a reflexive and institutional point of view, and other similar themes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-132
Author(s):  
Sonja Schillings

Pollution, this article suggests, challenges the fundamental structural premises of contemporary state institutions such as the law. These institutions are based on the premise of human exceptionalism via the construction of a human-nature divide. This divide only allows one point of connection between human and nature: the human ability to absorb nature as property. Such metaphorical understandings of absorption become a problem as soon as the physical human body is faced with a situation in which we constantly absorb pollution (e.g. nitrogen oxides, microplastic, ionizing radiation, but also other life forms such as airborne viruses). As a result, contemporary institutions are ill-equipped to deal with pollution as a central element of the contemporary human condition. This article suggests that comics are a model for rethinking these categorical issues productively and sustainably. By using visual elements, comics have already been able to reframe and recontextualize categorical premises such as the human-nature divide that otherwise tend to be reproduced in critical theory and the law. To make this point for the potential of a new categorical language that centrally draws on visual elements in text, the article uses two central examples from Japan and Germany: Osamu Tezuka's story "Space Snow Leopard" from the Astro Boy series, and Chlodwig Poth's short comic "Jörg the Limelight Hog."


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
A Yu Garashko

The purpose of this article is to analyze the feasibility and the basic mechanisms of borrowing of the individual benefits of the standards of conduct, the current in society (public legal principles), the activities of state authorities. The author comes to the following conclusion: reception of the socio-legal basis of state institutions capable of providing public support for the implementation of state standards; positive impact on the rule of law and the lawmaking process; to determine the restoration of the unity of law as a system that combines public and state foundations; seamlessly integrate the benefits of state and public began legal regulation. The methodology used in the preparation of this study presented a systematic, functional methods of learning; methods of induction, comparison and analysis. In addition, the author relied on the General dialectic method of cognition. Applications received by the author’s findings and conclusions are the theory of state and law, jurisprudence, philosophy of law, constitutional law.


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