Determination of Humidity Conditions in Premises of Buildings at Presence of Hygroscopic Salts in Wall Material

Abstract Background Cinnamon is a popular spice used in food products. Its flavor varies by its chemical profile. Cinnamon flavoring powder is a unique form of material with essential oil encapsulated in wall material, which improves the stability and homogeneity but also increases the difficulties for analysis. A specific and rapid method is needed to analyze the main components for its quality and safety. Objective An analytical method for the quantification of cinnamon flavoring powder was developed and validated. The characteristic components for analysis were selected as coumarin, trans-cinnamic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol. Methods This quantitation method with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector analysis was achieved by material extraction followed by chromatographic separation on C18 columns eluted with a gradient acetonitrile-water mobile phase. The detected wavelength was determined as 280 nm. Results Linear regression of calibration curves for each component was validated (R2 > 0.9995). The specificity, LOD and LOQ, precision, accuracy, and ruggedness of the developed method were also evaluated. Conclusions Such an approach is applicable for the simultaneous determination of these four characteristic constituents in cinnamon flavoring powder used in manufacturing and quality control of nutritional products. Highlights This study describes the selection of four components for analysis, the efficient extraction of them from cinnamon flavoring powder, and the rapid quantitation of these four characteristic components in these materials.

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Determination of secretory vesicle production rates by dictyosomes in pollen tubes of Tradescantia using cytochalasin D

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.49.1.261 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 261-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J.M. Picton ◽

M.W. Steer

Keyword(s):

Turnover Rate ◽

Secretory Vesicle ◽

Pollen Tubes ◽

Cytochalasin D ◽

Wall Material ◽

Secretory Vesicles ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Visible Effect

Pollen tubes of Tradescantia were grown in vitro and exposed to 0.3 microgram/ml cytochalasin D for 5 or 10 min. Fine-structural observations revealed no visible effect of the drug on the organelles. Stereological analysis, using a method recently developed by Rose (1980) to obtain sphere size-distributions corrected for section thickness, revealed substantial increase in the number of secretory vesicles present in the cytoplasm around the dictyosomes. Equating the rate of vesicle accumulation with the rate of vesicle production, a total of 5388 vesicles per minute are formed by a growing tube. This corresponds to 2.4 vesicles per minute per dictyosome, and a turnover rate of 3.7 min for a single dictyosome cisterna, or about 15–18.5 min for a complete dictyosome. The calculated vesicle production rate agrees well with that required to sustain the observed growth rate of such tubes, based on the addition of membrane or wall material to the tube tip.

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Microencapsulation of fish oil – determination of optimal wall material and encapsulation methodology

Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109730 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 268 ◽

pp. 109730 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Natalia Łozińska ◽

Agnieszka Głowacz-Różyńska ◽

Wojciech Artichowicz ◽

Yuanqi Lu ◽

Christian Jungnickel

Keyword(s):

Fish Oil ◽

Wall Material

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Determination of optimal ultrasound conditions for preparation of O/W emulsions with encapsulated juniper berry essential oil (Juniperus communis L.)

Acta periodica technologica ◽

10.2298/apt1950023b ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 23-32

Author(s):

Jelena Bajac ◽

Branislava Nikolovski ◽

Andrea Nesterovic ◽

Ivana Loncarevic ◽

Jovana Petrovic

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Droplet Size ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Wall Material ◽

Tween 20 ◽

Emulsion Droplets ◽

Droplet Sizes ◽

Preparatory Stage ◽

Emulsions Stability

The microencapsulation of essential oils can provide their evaporation and oxidation protection, flavor retention or/and masking of unpleasant taste. The microencapsulation process involves emulsions preparation and drying of the obtained emulsion droplets. The aim of this study is the determination of optimal conditions for preparation of the stable O/W emulsions containing juniper berry essential oil with minimal droplet size, as a preparatory stage for microcapsule formation. As the first step for pre-emulsions preparation, homogenization at 10000 rpm for 5 min. was chosen, which gave emulsions with droplet size between 1.82 and 2.51?m, depending on concentrations of the surfactant (Tween 20) and encapsulated essential oil. The second step was ultrasound emulsification during 5 minutes at a frequency of 99%, using pulsed 10:10 s (ON/OFF) ultrasound treatment, which was chosen as an optimal, creating emulsions of droplet sizes of 320 nm in diameter (for 5% essential oil and 1% Tween 20). The addition of wall material changed the size and stability of emulsions, which depends on type of biopolymer and its surface competition with used surfactant. The maltodextrin (MD), gum arabic (GA) and their mixture in equal ratio were used. GA emulsions can be singled out as the most stable without used surfactant, with D4,3 = 1.11 ? 0.003 ?m. Using MD as a wall material requires addition of surfactant (1% w/v) to form stable emulsions. The mixture of MD/GA can be used with or without surfactant. The addition of Tween 20 (1% w/v) decreases droplet size from 14.86 to 0.99 ?m, while utilization of the ultrasound contributes to the droplet size decrease and emulsions stability.

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Inverse Determination of Eroded Smelter Wall Thickness Variation Using an Elastic Membrane Concept

Journal of Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/1.4000436 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 132 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Daniel Baker ◽

George S. Dulikravich ◽

Brian H. Dennis ◽

Thomas J. Martin

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Temperature Field ◽

Outer Surface ◽

External Surface ◽

Furnace Wall ◽

Wall Material ◽

Elastic Membrane ◽

Measured Temperature ◽

Forcing Function

A novel algorithm has been developed for the nondestructive determination of the shape of the interface between a melt and a refractory material wall in smelter furnaces. This method uses measurements of temperature and heat flux at a number of points on the outer surface of the furnace, and assumes that the inner (guessed) surface of the furnace wall is isothermal. The temperature field is then predicted in the entire furnace wall material by numerically solving a steady state heat conduction equation subject to the measured temperature values on the external surface and the isothermal melt material solidus temperature on the inner surface of the wall. The byproduct of this analysis is the computed heat flux on the external surface. The difference between the measured and the computed heat fluxes on the outer surface of the furnace is then used as a forcing function in an elastic membrane motion concept to determine perturbations to the inner (melt-refractory) surface motion. The inverse determination of the melt-refractory interface shape can be achieved by utilizing this algorithm and any available analysis software for the temperature field in the refractory wall. The initial guess of the inner shape of the wall can be significantly different from the final (unknown) wall shape. The entire wall shape determination procedure requires typically 5–15 temperature field analyses in the furnace wall material.

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OSCILLATIONS OF FREEZING FRONT IN EXTERNAL ENCLOSURES

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management ◽

10.3846/13923730.2003.10531309 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 88-91

Author(s):

Natalija Parfentjeva ◽

Oleg Samarin ◽

Sabina Paulauskaitė

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Quantitative Estimation ◽

Time Lag ◽

Temperature Oscillation ◽

Wall Material ◽

Freezing Front ◽

External Temperature ◽

Temperature Oscillations ◽

Approximate Procedure

An approximate procedure is proposed for calculating of the temperature field in a one-layer wall under harmonic variations of the external air temperature with regard to phase transitions of moisture within the wall. The trend of the freezing front displacement within the wall is researched as time goes on depending on relative thermal stability of the wall material and average thermal lag of the freezing layer. The engineering formulae are obtained for quantitative estimation of the front displacement offering determination of the peak value of its waves and their time lag with respect to the external temperature oscillations. The estimation of accuracy of the proposed calculation procedure is carried out and the limits of its suitability are detected. It has been shown that the error of the procedure falls in the limits of initial data under the magnitudes of the air temperature and thermal properties of employed materials meeting with in practice if the freezing front lays beyond the bounds of the violent temperature oscillation layer.

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Inverse Determination of Eroded Smelter Wall Thickness Variation Using an Elastic Membrane Concept

Heat Transfer: Volume 3 ◽

10.1115/ht2003-47307 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel P. Baker ◽

George S. Dulikravich ◽

Brian H. Dennis ◽

Thomas J. Martin

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Temperature Field ◽

Outer Surface ◽

External Surface ◽

Furnace Wall ◽

Wall Material ◽

Elastic Membrane ◽

Measured Temperature ◽

Shape Determination

A novel algorithm has been developed for the non-destructive determination of the shape of the interface between a melt and a refractory material wall in smelter furnaces. This method uses measurements of temperature and heat flux at a number of points on the outer surface of the furnace and assumes that the inner (guessed) surface of the furnace wall is isothermal. The temperature field is then predicted in the entire furnace wall material by numerically solving a steady state heat conduction equation subject to the measured temperature values on the external surface and the isothermal melt material solidus temperature on the inner surface of the wall. The byproduct of this analysis is the computed heat flux on the external surface. The shape determination method then uses the difference between the measured and the computed heat fluxes on the outer surface of the furnace as a forcing function in an elastic membrane motion concept for the determination of the inner (melt-refractory) surface motion. The inverse determination of the melt-refractory interface shape can be achieved by utilizing this algorithm and any available analysis software for temperature field in the refractory wall. The initial guess of the wall inner shape can be significantly different from the final (unknown) wall shape. The entire wall shape determination procedure requires typically 5–15 temperature field analysis in the furnace wall material.

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Experimental Determination of the Deliquescence Relative Humidity and Conductivity of Multicomponent Salt Mixtures

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-713-jj11.4 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 713 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lietai Yang ◽

Roberto T. Pabalan ◽

Lauren Browning

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Salt Mixture ◽

Aqueous Corrosion ◽

Salt Mixtures ◽

Pure Salt ◽

Adsorption Of Water ◽

Deliquescence Relative Humidity ◽

Salt Deposits ◽

Hygroscopic Salts

ABSTRACTThe conductivity of hygroscopic salt deposits containing Na+, K+, NO3– and Cl– ions was measured in air as a function of relative humidity at constant temperatures. The deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) of multicomponent salts containing Na+, K+, NO3– and Cl– was also determined experimentally. The results of the conductivity experiments show that the conductivity of initially dry salt deposits start to increase after reaching a relative humidity value that is 15 to 20% lower than the DRH of the salt. When the DRH is reached, the conductivity increases dramatically as the salt dissolves and transforms into a saturated aqueous phase. The increase in conductivity at humidities below the DRH is attributed to the adsorption of water on the surface of the salt particles. Because of the increase in conductivity, the initiation of aqueous corrosion of metals in contact with hygroscopic salts may occur at a relative humidity much lower than the DRH of the salt. Thus, the onset of aqueous corrosion of metallic nuclear waste package and the drip shield may be earlier, the duration may be longer, and the temperature at which it occurs may be higher than assumed based on the DRH of the salt. The results of the DRH experiments show that the DRH of a salt mixture is usually significantly lower than that of any of its component pure salt.

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Galactic orbits of stars

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900105340 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 93-97

Author(s):

Richard Woolley

Keyword(s):

Globular Cluster ◽

Potential Field ◽

High Velocity ◽

Velocity Vector ◽

Variable Stars ◽

The Sun ◽

Proper Motions ◽

Rr Lyrae ◽

The Galaxy

It is now possible to determine proper motions of high-velocity objects in such a way as to obtain with some accuracy the velocity vector relevant to the Sun. If a potential field of the Galaxy is assumed, one can compute an actual orbit. A determination of the velocity of the globular clusterωCentauri has recently been completed at Greenwich, and it is found that the orbit is strongly retrograde in the Galaxy. Similar calculations may be made, though with less certainty, in the case of RR Lyrae variable stars.

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Distance to SN 1987A and the LMC

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900118959 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 190 ◽

pp. 549-554

Author(s):

Nino Panagia

Keyword(s):

Angular Size ◽

Large Magellanic Cloud ◽

Magellanic Cloud ◽

Light Curves ◽

Distance Modulus ◽

Absolute Size ◽

Sn 1987A

Using the new reductions of the IUE light curves by Sonneborn et al. (1997) and an extensive set of HST images of SN 1987A we have repeated and improved Panagia et al. (1991) analysis to obtain a better determination of the distance to the supernova. In this way we have derived an absolute size of the ringRabs= (6.23 ± 0.08) x 1017cm and an angular sizeR″ = 808 ± 17 mas, which give a distance to the supernovad(SN1987A) = 51.4 ± 1.2 kpc and a distance modulusm–M(SN1987A) = 18.55 ± 0.05. Allowing for a displacement of SN 1987A position relative to the LMC center, the distance to the barycenter of the Large Magellanic Cloud is also estimated to bed(LMC) = 52.0±1.3 kpc, which corresponds to a distance modulus ofm–M(LMC) = 18.58±0.05.

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