scholarly journals Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
Shabnam Gul ◽  
Muhammad Faizan Asghar ◽  
Iram Naseer Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Asian Values ◽  
National Sovereignty ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Investigative Tool ◽  
Suitable Solution ◽  
Realist Perspective ◽  
Strategic Interest

This article provides a conceptual and theoretical framework to analyze motivations of China in BRI, which is conceived as a project of the 21st century for the revival of erstwhile Asian values, this paper is not a critique on BRI, but it securitizes India's concern whose policymakers consider that it can harm the strategic interest of India. This paper investigates why Indian policymakers have demonstrated reluctance to join BRI. Moreover, the study also explores the major reasons behind India's belligerent policy against BRI because they conceive it as a danger for their national sovereignty. Besides, this research has applied realist theory as an investigative tool to prove Indian concerns. As a whole, the paper analyses that how far the rivalry between both states can harm regional peace if they fail to find any suitable solution considering the BRI project.

The integrative potential of science and research cooperation for suturing the Baltic Sea region in the 21st century

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-32
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Musiał
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Research Cooperation ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Science And Research

The aim of the article is to demonstrate how science and researchcooperation may help to reintegrate the Baltic region in the 21st century withthe participation of Russia. This is done through the analysis of documentsand strategies of Baltic Sea regionalism in the context of the regional knowledgeregime. Attention is paid to different positionalities of the regional actorsand their narratives. The theoretical framework is secured by an analysis ofcritical junctures drawing on case studies from the years 1989-91 and 2014 andthe subsequent reconfiguration of the power / knowledge nexus. The analysisshows that this reconfiguration actively contributes to creating and changingthe content and context of the Baltic Sea regionalism as based on new symbolic,economic, and political capitals. The conclusion points to the potentialof Russia’s involvement in the co-creation of the regional knowledge regimeand defines the conditions and methods of possible cooperation.

scholarly journals Identity, race and faith: The role of faith in post-Apartheid South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Klaasen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Correlational Approach ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
The Church

South Africa has experienced an unprecedented influx of migrants in the 21st century. Immigration and race have contributed to the raising of important questions of identity and social inclusion. Immigration and race are two crucial phenomena for the church in South Africa because the overwhelming majority of immigrants to South Africa are affiliated to Christianity and active participants in worshipping communities.This article is an attempt to critically engage with the complex phenomena of immigration and race for the role of Christianity in identity. I will attempt to show how mainstream Christianity as an open-ended narrative and can provide the space for creative tension between the ‘host’ and ‘stranger’ for identity formation. I will use the theoretical framework of Don Browning’s correlational approach to demonstrate how the experience of immigrants and minority race groups creates identity of self and the constructive other.

scholarly journals Analysis of a Japan-Philippines telecollaboration from a social realist perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Sandra Healy ◽  
Yasushi Tsubota ◽  
Olivia Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
International Context ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Linguistic Awareness ◽  
Realist Perspective ◽  
Filipino Teachers

This study applies social realist theory to the analysis of an ongoing online telecollaboration between Japanese undergraduate students in a classroom setting in Japan and Filipino teachers in an English conversation school in Cebu, the Philippines. The accepted goals of telecollaboration in an international context are the development of intercultural communication and linguistic skills. Analysis showed that, without guidance, the influence of Japanese educational policies on students, including a version of internationalisation known as kokusaika, can result in intracultural – rather than intercultural – communication. It is suggested that a focus on “small” – rather than “large” – culture may help address this issue in Japan, and improve intercultural and linguistic awareness.

A Traditional African Perspective of Blended Learning

2012 ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Mejai B. M. Avoseh ◽  
Olugbenga Abimbola Fayomi ◽  
Bolanle Clara Simeon-Fayomi
Keyword(s):  
Blended Learning ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Lifelong Education ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
African Education ◽  
African Perspective ◽  
Western Perspective

Paradigm shifts in education have, in most cases, been linked to changes in the context and content of education. Most nouveau ideas in education in the 21st century have been linked directly or indirectly to globalization. One of such shifts is the re-invention and importance of lifelong learning. The dialogue on lifelong learning and its content-dependent characteristics have imposed the need for a diversity of perspectives beyond the traditional Western perspective. The purpose of this chapter is to present the theoretical framework for blended learning from the perspective of the holistic indigenous African education, which was in its entirety blended and lifelong. The chapter uses reference to the interconnectedness of lifelong education to all facets of life in traditional Africa. It analyzes the connection between formal, non-formal, and informal, the use of observation, initiation, and apprenticeship, the environment, and a host of other blending variables, to build and develop the arguments.

scholarly journals Interorganizational Cooperation and the Fight against Terrorism in West Africa and the Sahel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayinka Ajala
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Expert Interviews ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
Interorganizational Cooperation ◽  
Joint Task ◽  
Joint Task Force

The transnational nature of security threats in the 21st Century are such that interorganizational cooperation is necessary to effectively combat these threats. This article explores a key organization, the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), charged with curtailing the threat posed by terrorism in certain parts of the Sahel and West Africa. Using the theoretical framework of Walt’s balance of threat and a combination of data obtained from ACLED and expert interviews, the article argues that the MNJTF has not been successful in achieving its mandate. This could be attributed to five lapses in the restructuring of the organization in 2015 to combat terrorism. The article concludes that for interorganizational security cooperation to be successful, the allies must equally acknowledge that they face the same existential threats which will make them commit to the demands of the organisation.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR TEACHERS SELF- ASSESSMENT TO TEACH 21ST CENTURY SKILLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 402-429
Author(s):  
Dace Namsone ◽  
Līga Čakāne ◽  
Dace Eriņa
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
21St Century ◽  
21St Century Skills ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Learning Progressions ◽  
Self Assessment

The context of educational reforms taking place in many countries gives special relevance, as the curriculum enters the 21st century skills or so-called transversal skills. It is necessary to ascertain how successful the teaching of these skills is already so that the school management together with teachers develop evidence-based or data-driven professional development solutions. The aim of the research is to create a theoretical framework and corresponding self-assessment tools, how the teacher can assess for himself to what extent he has succeeded in achieving the competence to teach students in the 21st century skills required to achieve the goals set by the school in the context of the ongoing education reform in the country. For the self-assessment of teachers’ competencies, performance appraisal is used, comparing to what extent does teaching in a particular case correspond to good practice using performance level descriptors as tools - a set of teachers' learning progressions and tests. The developed set of teachers' professional learning progressions is based on data-based and field-tested analytical descriptions of performance levels from expert work. It includes 17 progressions developed within the framework of categories and criteria, the practical testing of which in school practice is planned in the authors' further research.

Introduction: Sources and Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Leo Overtoom
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political History ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Hellenistic World

This chapter discusses the neglect of the Parthians in the ancient sources and in modern historiography, while introducing the application of international relations theory to help provide a fuller appreciation of the geopolitical developments of the Parthian state and to help overcome some of the limitations of our sources. Although the Parthians are a part of the long tradition of strong Middle Eastern empires and the Hellenistic world created by the conquests of Alexander the Great, no other major world empire has been more overshadowed, misunderstood, or ignored. There have been relatively few comprehensive studies of the formation, growth, and international relations of the Parthian state. Most studies of this sort are either outdated, cursory, or, in the case of numerous recent attempts, of limited or questionable academic merit. No account of the Parthians’ history survives from their perspective. In reconstructing Parthian history, we must maneuver through Greek and Roman literary sources that dominate the narrative and often treat the Parthians hostilely or cursorily and mostly from a foreign perspective, and therefore, recent work in archaeology and numismatics is invaluable to the historical reconstruction of the Hellenistic Middle East. With the sometimes severe limitations of our available sources in mind, the potential insights that the theoretical framework of modern international relations theory, especially Realist Theory, offers to the study of Parthian political history are quite exciting, and this study is the first comprehensive attempt to apply modern international relations theory to the interpretation of Parthian expansionism and interactions with neighboring states.

scholarly journals Reconstructive Hermeneutics in African Christology

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Gathogo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Relevant Model ◽  
African Theology ◽  
African Christianity ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

The article sets out to demonstrate African reconstructive Christology as the seventhChristological trend in African Christianity. Considering that African theology is kerygmatically universal, but theologically provincial, the study shows that Christology in our contemporary Africa can be best understood by retracing it from the early Christologicalcontroversies through to the present times. Certainly, African Christology in the 21st century is dominated by calls for contextualisation, indigenisation, rebirth, inculturation,renewal, rejuvenation, renaissance and reconstruction. To this end, the article endeavours todemonstrate that Christ, the ideal reconstructionist, the one who broke the cultural codes of his time in order to reconstruct the society, is the relevant model to our contemporary world.The article draws its theoretical framework from the works of Jesse Mugambi, Kä Mana,and Wachege, amongst other proponents of reconstructive motif in African theology. In its methodology, the article first attempts to identify some early Christological developments through to the contemporary trends. It subsequently attempts a survey of the six Christologicaltrends of the 20th century; that is a Christological trend that commits itself to interpreting and adapting Christology to modern mentality and situation; Christologies geared exclusively to thehistorical Jesus; Christology that tends to uphold the Trinitarian theology; Christologies based on the proclaimed Christ and the historical Jesus; Asian Christologies of inculturation and liberation;and African Christologies of inculturation and liberation. Afterwards, it analyses Christological trends of the 21st century where a seventh dimension, African reconstructive Christology, has become the norm. In so doing, the article builds on the premise that the primary task of African Christology today is restoration.

scholarly journals Dispositions of Exemplary School Librarians

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jami L. Jones ◽  
Gail Bush
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
21St Century ◽  
American Association ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
School Librarians ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
American Library ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Extensive Body

As former students ourselves, we know instinctively the qualities of exemplary educators even if we have difficulty naming these ourselves. A review of the extensive body of dispositional literature indicates that educators struggle with the concept of dispositions, what these entail, and their assessment; however, little has been written about the dispositions of school librarians. Interest in this topic has increased since the development of Dispositions in Action as an essential component of the American Library Association’s American Association of School Librarians Standards for the 21st Century Learner published in 2007. The authors provide foundational information about dispositions and justification of their importance to student learning and present a self-assessment instrument which is the first step to understanding one’s dispositional strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, a theoretical framework for obtaining dispositions is presented.

scholarly journals Sexual/Environmental Justice and Ecocriticism of the New Century

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Stein
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Key Words ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Queer Ecology

Key words: environmental justice, sexuality, reproductivity, food industry, queer ecology Environmental justice in the 21st century should advance in the exploration, both theoretical and practical, of aspects of identity such as sexuality and reproductivity, which up to the present have been less analyzed than aspects of race, class and gender. The novels of Ruth Ozeki illustrate brilliantly the intersection between justice related to the food industry and sexual justice. Moreover, queer environmental justice has largely benefited from the theoretical framework established by Cate Sandilands for queer ecology. Palabras clave: justicia medioambiental, sexualidad, reproducción, industria alimentaria, ecología queer La justicia medioambiental del siglo XXI debe avanzar hacia la exploración, tanto teórica como práctica, de aspectos de la identidad del individuo tales como la sexualidad y la reproductividad, menos analizadas hasta la fecha desde este punto de vista, que las variables de raza, clase o género. Las novelas de Ruth Ozeki ilustran de manera excelente la intersección entre la justicia relacionada con la industria alimentaria y la justicia sexual. Al mismo tiempo, la justicia medioambiental de carácter queer se ha beneficiado en gran medida de los marcos teóricos establecidos por Cate Sandilands para atender cuestiones de ecología queer.

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