Antonio Pacchioni (1665–1726): early studies of the dura mater

1993 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brunori ◽  
Roberto Vagnozzi ◽  
Renato Giuffrè
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Reggio Emilia ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arachnoid Villi ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption ◽  
And Function

✓ The clustering of arachnoid villi along the sagittal sinus forms what is known as “Pacchioni granulations.” These structures were first described in 1705 by Antonio Pacchioni, an Italian scientist. Pacchioni was born in Reggio Emilia, Italy, in 1665, and there he received his degree in medicine. Later he moved to Rome where he built a successful career dedicated to medical practice, research, and teaching. He became a friend of some of the leading scientists of his age: Lancisi, Malpighi, and Morgagni, among others. He devoted himself to elucidating the structure and function of dura mater, and in his studies often used the new technique of maceration of anatomical specimens in various fluids. Among Pacchioni's written works, the Dissertatio Epistolaris de Glandulis Conglobatis Durae Meningis Humanae (1705) deserves the greatest consideration as it contains the first description of arachnoid granulations. He compared dura to cardiac muscle and attributed to its “glandulae” (glands) the faculty of secreting lymph for lubrication of the sliding movements between meninges and brain during contractions. Three centuries after Pacchioni's death in Rome in 1726, the fine structure of arachnoid villi has not been fully elucidated; moreover, many questions related to mechanisms underlying cerebrospinal fluid absorption remain unanswered.

Reflections on team culture, structure and function of an intensive support service centred on positive behavioural support

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Patterson ◽  
Samuel Berry
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Support Service ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Behavioural Support ◽  
Team Culture ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore experiences of team culture, structure and function of an intensive support service (ISS) within the context of the recent service guidance “Building the Right Support” (NHS England, Local Government Association and Association of Directors of Adult Social Services, 2015). Reflections on the Hampshire and Southampton ISS set up in 2010 are discussed with a view to informing a debate about frameworks for ISS services nationally. Design/methodology/approach A reflective piece, drawing on experience and case examples. Findings This paper describes that a key function of an ISS is making individuals safe and this is significantly assisted by using shared team formulation, which can enable information and perspectives to be shared between and within teams as rapidly as possible. Further, a case is made for recognising the importance of inter-disciplinary practice, as the Southampton and Hampshire ISS has removed the “old fashioned” demarcations that led to individuals seeing a “procession” of different professionals from different disciplines. This relates to team structure, but importantly is about a culture of holding a shared identity based on positive behavioural support values, rather than a traditional uni-disciplinary perspective. Practical implications ISS models are being proposed by NHS England and this paper suggests some important practical aspects. Originality/value Limited literature exists examining the team culture within ISSs, which contributes to desired outcomes for service users. This paper opens a debate about structural and functional aspects of service delivery in this service model.

scholarly journals Campylobacter jejuni Triggers Signaling through Host Cell Focal Adhesions To Inhibit Cell Motility

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney M. Klappenbach ◽  
Nicholas M. Negretti ◽  
Jesse Aaron ◽  
Teng-Leong Chew ◽  
Michael E. Konkel
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Motility ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Function

Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen that causes severe gastritis. We investigated the dynamics of focal adhesion structure and function in C. jejuni -infected epithelial cells.

scholarly journals Regulation of OmpA Translation and Shigella dysenteriae Virulence by an RNA Thermometer

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin R. Murphy ◽  
Johanna Roßmanith ◽  
Jacob Sieg ◽  
Megan E. Fris ◽  
Hebaallaha Hussein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bacterial Physiology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rna Thermometer ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT RNA thermometers are cis-acting riboregulators that mediate the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in response to environmental temperature. Such regulation is conferred by temperature-responsive structural changes within the RNA thermometer that directly result in differential ribosomal binding to the regulated transcript. The significance of RNA thermometers in controlling bacterial physiology and pathogenesis is becoming increasingly clear. This study combines in silico, molecular genetics, and biochemical analyses to characterize both the structure and function of a newly identified RNA thermometer within the ompA transcript of Shigella dysenteriae. First identified by in silico structural predictions, genetic analyses have demonstrated that the ompA RNA thermometer is a functional riboregulator sufficient to confer posttranscriptional temperature-dependent regulation, with optimal expression observed at the host-associated temperature of 37°C. Structural studies and ribosomal binding analyses have revealed both increased exposure of the ribosomal binding site and increased ribosomal binding to the ompA transcript at permissive temperatures. The introduction of site-specific mutations predicted to alter the temperature responsiveness of the ompA RNA thermometer has predictable consequences for both the structure and function of the regulatory element. Finally, in vitro tissue culture-based analyses implicate the ompA RNA thermometer as a bona fide S. dysenteriae virulence factor in this bacterial pathogen. Given that ompA is highly conserved among Gram-negative pathogens, these studies not only provide insight into the significance of riboregulation in controlling Shigella virulence, but they also have the potential to facilitate further understanding of the physiology and/or pathogenesis of a wide range of bacterial species.

Commentary on “Reflections on culture, structure and function of an intensive support service centred on positive behavioural support”

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Toogood
Keyword(s):  
Support Service ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavioural Support ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Service Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Behaviour Support ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Function

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on Patterson and Berry’s paper “Reflections on culture, structure and function of an intensive support service centred on positive behavioural support”. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews key ideas presented in Patterson and Berry’s article relative to the recent history of service delivery in the UK and the growing interest being shown in positive behaviour support. Findings Patterson and Berry’s article adds to a modest literature on specialist support services and should stimulate further descriptions of service models and the concepts underpinning them. Originality/value The literature on specialist support service models is limited and this addition should be relevant to a wide range of clinicians, consumers and commissioners.

The straight sinus

1974 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Saxena ◽  
M. A. Q. Beg ◽  
A. C. Das
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Posterior Cranial Fossa ◽  
Cerebral Vein ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Straight Sinus ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa of 86 adult human cadavers has been examined grossly after the injection of India ink through the confluence of sinuses in order to visualize the extent, communications, and tributaries of the straight sinus. Variations from the textbook description of formation by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein are described and discussed.

scholarly journals Structure and Function of Glycosylated Tandem Repeats from Candida albicans Als Adhesins

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron T. Frank ◽  
Caleen B. Ramsook ◽  
Henry N. Otoo ◽  
Cho Tan ◽  
Gregory Soybelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Cell Aggregation ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Hydrophobic Surfaces ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Aggregation Activity ◽  
Fungal Adhesins ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Tandem repeat (TR) regions are common in yeast adhesins, but their structures are unknown, and their activities are poorly understood. TR regions in Candida albicans Als proteins are conserved glycosylated 36-residue sequences with cell-cell aggregation activity (J. M. Rauceo, R. De Armond, H. Otoo, P. C. Kahn, S. A. Klotz, N. K. Gaur, and P. N. Lipke, Eukaryot. Cell 5:1664–1673, 2006). Ab initio modeling with either Rosetta or LINUS generated consistent structures of three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet domains, whereas randomly shuffled sequences with the same composition generated various structures with consistently higher energies. O- and N-glycosylation patterns showed that each TR domain had exposed hydrophobic surfaces surrounded by glycosylation sites. These structures are consistent with domain dimensions and stability measurements by atomic force microscopy (D. Alsteen, V. Dupres, S. A. Klotz, N. K. Gaur, P. N. Lipke, and Y. F. Dufrene, ACS Nano 3:1677–1682, 2009) and with circular dichroism determination of secondary structure and thermal stability. Functional assays showed that the hydrophobic surfaces of TR domains supported binding to polystyrene surfaces and other TR domains, leading to nonsaturable homophilic binding. The domain structures are like “classic” subunit interaction surfaces and can explain previously observed patterns of promiscuous interactions between TR domains in any Als proteins or between TR domains and surfaces of other proteins. Together, the modeling techniques and the supporting data lead to an approach that relates structure and function in many kinds of repeat domains in fungal adhesins.

Anatomical features of the straight sinus and its tributaries

1976 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Browder ◽  
Harry A. Kaplan ◽  
Abbott J. Krieger
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Vein Of Galen ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tentorium Cerebelli ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Straight Sinus ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Collateral Pathways ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors report a variety of arrangements of the venous channels comprising the straight sinus (sinus rectus) and its connections during a continuing study of the cerebral sinuses and their tributaries. In approximately 85% of 131 specimens of dura mater with enclosed venous sinuses derived from fresh cadavers, the straight sinus was represented by a single midline tentorial channel whereas in the remaining 15%, segments of it were doubled and in a few, tripled. In addition to these aberrations in the development of the main trunk of this sinus, the venous patterns at the junctions of the inferior sagittal sinus, vein of Galen and straight sinus showed comparable developmental inconstancies. Also in no specimens were the patterns of venous channels in the leaves of the tentorium cerebelli alike. The course, size, and connections of all the tributaries of the straight sinus have been studied and consideration given to their potentials as collateral pathways in the event either the vein of Galen or the straight sinus itself were occluded.

Venous aneurysm of the inferior sagittal sinus

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry A. Kaplan ◽  
Jefferson Browder
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Venous Aneurysm ◽  
Falx Cerebri ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Vascular Connections ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Among 449 specimens of dura mater and enclosed sinuses obtained at autopsy, there was one with a venous sac in the midpart of the falx cerebri. The vascular connections of this cavity indicated that it was an aneurysm of the inferior sagittal sinus without arterial components.

Structure and function: organization of a medical specialty for the rest of the 20th century

1982 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kemp Clark
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
American Association ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Function ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons concentrates on the problems facing the specialty, the achievements of the past, and the mechanisms designed to foster the advancement and role of neurosurgery. To counter the difficult days ahead, he emphasizes the need for concerted effort and action on the part of neurosurgeons within the umbrella of the Association as spokesman for the specialty and advocate for the patients' welfare.

scholarly journals Engineering the Xylan Utilization System in Bacillus subtilis for Production of Acidic Xylooligosaccharides

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 917-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mun Su Rhee ◽  
Lusha Wei ◽  
Neha Sawhney ◽  
John D. Rice ◽  
Franz J. St. John ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hydrolase Family

ABSTRACTXylans are the predominant polysaccharides in hemicelluloses and an important potential source of biofuels and chemicals. The ability ofBacillus subtilissubsp.subtilisstrain 168 to utilize xylans has been ascribed to secreted glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) and GH30 endoxylanases, encoded by thexynAandxynCgenes, respectively. Both of these enzymes have been defined with respect to structure and function. In this study, the effects of deletion of thexynAandxynCgenes, individually and in combination, were evaluated for xylan utilization and formation of acidic xylooligosaccharides. Parent strain 168 depolymerizes methylglucuronoxylans (MeGXn), releasing the xylobiose and xylotriose utilized for growth and accumulating the aldouronate methylglucuronoxylotriose (MeGX3) with some methylglucuronoxylotetraose (MeGX4). The combined GH11 and GH30 activities process the products generated by their respective actions on MeGXnto release a maximal amount of neutral xylooligosaccharides for assimilation and growth, at the same time forming MeGX3in which the internal xylose is substituted with methylglucuronate (MeG). Deletion ofxynAresults in the accumulation of β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization ranging from 4 to 18 and an average degree of substitution of 1 in 7.2, each with a single MeG linked α-1,2 to the xylose penultimate to the xylose at the reducing terminus. Deletion of thexynCgene results in the accumulation of aldouronates comprised of 4 or more xylose residues in which the MeG may be linked α-1,2 to the xylose penultimate to the nonreducing xylose. TheseB. subtilislines may be used for the production of acidic xylooligosaccharides with applications in human and veterinary medicine.

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