REVIEW OF TECHNOGENIC WASTE AND METHODS OF ITS PROCESSING FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPLEX UTILIZATION OF TAILINGS FROM THE ENRICHMENT OF NON-FERROUS METAL ORES AS A COMPONENT OF THE RAW MATERIAL MIXTURE IN THE PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CLINKER

Experimental study on the use of basalt stone originated from Lampung has been conducted to evaluate its potential for a partial substitute of raw material in production of cement clinker. The basalt stone contains minerals of anorthite, augite, and albite phases that are required for clinker formation. In this study, the main raw materials were 80% limestone, 10% silica sand, 9% clay and 1% iron sand. The raw material in these experiments were mixtures 90% or 80% of the main raw material and 10% or 20% of basalt stone. The effect of adding coal to raw materials was also studied to see the possibility of an increase in clinkerization temperature inside the raw material mixture, and at the same time to see the effect of coal ash on clinker composition. Clinker obtained from heating of raw materials at a temperature of 1100oC had LSF of 94.1% and 95.1% (heating time of 1 and 3 hours). If heating is carried out at 1200oC, the clinker had LSF of 97.7% and 98.0% (heating time of 2 and 3 hours, respectively). Depending on the temperature and duration of heating, the clinker mostly had SM in the range of 2.18-2.40% , and AM in the range of 0,78-1.80%. Characterization using XRD showed that the clinker consisted of larnite and gehlenite phases, and dominated by CaO.Batu basalt Lampung telah diuji potensinya sebagai pengganti sebagian bahan baku utama pembuatan klinker semen. Batu basalt tersebut memiliki mineral-mineral dalam fase anorthite, augite, dan albite yang diperlukan pada pembentukan klinker. Pada penelitian ini, bahan baku utama adalah batu kapur 80%, pasir silika 10%, tanah liat 9% dan pasir besi 1%. Campuran bahan baku klinker adalah 90% atau 80% bahan baku utama dan 10% atau 20% batu basalt. Efek penambahan batubara ke dalam bahan baku klinker juga dipelajari untuk melihat kemungkinan kenaikan temperatur klinkerisasi di dalam campuran bahan baku, dan sekaligus untuk melihat efek abu batubara terhadap komposisi klinker. Klinker hasil pemanasan bahan baku pada temperatur 1100oC memiliki LSF 94,1% dan 95,1% (lama pemanasan 1 dan 3 jam). Jika pemanasan dilakukan pada 1200oC, klinker memilik LSF 97,7% dan 98,00% (lama pemanasan 2 dan 3 jam). Tergantung pada temperatur dan lama pemanasan, klinker hasil percobaan ini umumnya memiliki SM 2,18-2,40%, dan AM antara 0,78-1,80%. Karakterisasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa klinker terdiri dari fase larnite dan gehlenite, dan didominasi CaO.

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Processing of waste slag of non-ferrous metallurgy for the purpose of its complex utilization as a secondary mineral raw material

NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES) ◽

10.17073/1683-4518-2021-8-3-9 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 3-9

Author(s):

A. S. Kolesnikov ◽

B. E. Serikbaev ◽

A. L. Zolkin ◽

G. S. Kenzhibaeva ◽

G. I. Isaev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Material ◽

Secondary Mineral ◽

Huge Number ◽

Silicon Iron ◽

Iron Aluminum ◽

Heavy Nonferrous Metals ◽

Complex Utilization ◽

Calcium Silicon ◽

Secondary Raw Material ◽

The Moment

This article provides an overview of the methods of processing slag from welting is given, different approaches and attempts of scientists from a number of countries aimed at processing such slags are considered. In the course of the review it was found that a huge number of the following methods and methods of processing from waelz slag, there is not a single option that has sufficient complexity of processing, and that at the moment are in the dumps toxins from waelz never found its use as a secondary raw material. The elemental chemical composition of the slag from welting, which is represented by compounds of calcium, silicon, iron, aluminum, carbon and heavy nonferrous metals in the form of zinc and lead, is determined. Thus, it is established that for many years, the slags from waelz that have not found their application and are in the dump at the moment continue to have a polluting effect on the environment. Ill. 1. Ref. 63.

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Feasibility and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Lime-Dried Sludge for Cement Production

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12062500 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 2500 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li Ping ◽

Gang Zhao ◽

Xiaohu Lin ◽

Yunhui Gu ◽

Wei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Footprint ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Cement Kiln ◽

Drying Process ◽

Cement Production ◽

Footprint Analysis ◽

Cement Kilns ◽

Cement Manufacturing ◽

Dried Sludge

Cement manufacturing and the treatment of sludge are considered both energy-intensive industries and major greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters. However, there are still few studies on comprehensive carbon footprint analysis for adding municipal sludge in the cement production. In this study, the lime-dried sludge blended with calcium oxide at the mass mixing ratio of 10% was utilized as raw material for the preparation of Portland cement. The chemical and physical properties of sludge were analyzed. A set of carbon footprint calculation methods of lime-drying treatment of sludge and reuse in cement kilns was then established to explore the feasibility of coprocessing lime-dried sludge in cement kilns. The results showed lime-dried sludge containing CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 was ideal for cement production as raw material. However, the water content of lime-dried sludge should be strictly limited. The lime-drying process presented the biggest carbon emission (962.1 kg CO2-eq/t sludge), accounting for 89.0% of total emissions. In the clinker-production phase, the lime-dried sludge as raw material substitute and energy source gained carbon credit of 578.8 and 214.2 kg CO2-eq/t sludge, respectively. The sludge used for producing cement clinker could reduce carbon emissions by 38.5% to 51.7%. The addition ratio of lime and stacking time in the sludge lime-drying process could greatly affect the carbon footprint of coprocessing lime-dried sludge in cement kiln.

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Updating Carbon Storage Capacity of Spanish Cements

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10124806 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 4806 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Carmen Andrade ◽

Miguel Sanjuán

Keyword(s):

Carbon Storage ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Concrete Cover ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Reinforcing Bars ◽

Concrete Element ◽

Length Of Service ◽

Carbonation Reaction ◽

Carbon Dioxide Uptake

The fabrication of cement clinker releases CO2 due to the calcination of the limestone used as raw material, which contributes to the greenhouse effect. The industry is involved in a process of reducing this amount liberated to the atmosphere by mainly lowering the amount of clinker in the cements. The cement-based materials, such as concrete and mortars, combine part of this CO2 by a process called “carbonation”. Carbonation has been studied lately mainly due to the fact that it induces the corrosion of steel reinforcement when bringing the CO2 front to the surface of the reinforcing bars. Thus, the “rate of carbonation” of the concrete cover is characterized by and linked to the length of service life of concrete structures. The studies on how much CO2 is fixed by the hydrated phases are scarce and even less has been studied the influence of the type of cement. In present work, 15 cements were used to fabricate paste and concrete specimens withwater/cement (w/c) ratios of 0.6 and 0.45 which reproduce typical concretes for buildings and infrastructures. The amount of carbon dioxide uptake was measured through thermal gravimetry. The degree of carbonation, (DoC) is defined as the CO2 fixed with respect to the total theoretical maximum and the carbon storage capacity (CSC) as the carbonation uptake by a concrete element, a family or the whole inventory of a region or country. The results in the pastes where analyzed with respect to the uptake by concretes and indicated that: (a) the humidity of the pores is a critical parameter that favours the carbonation reaction as higher is the humidity (within the normal atmospheric values), (b) all types of cement uptake CO2 in function of the CaO of the clinker except the binders having slags, which can uptake additional CO2 giving aDoC near or above 100%. The CSC of Spain has been updated with respect to a previous publication resulting in proportions of 10.8–11.2% of the calcination emissions, through considering a ratio of “surface exposed/volume of the element” of 3 as an average of the whole Spanish asset of building and infrastructures.

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Dredged sediments used as novel supply of raw material to produce Portland cement clinker

Cement and Concrete Composites ◽

10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.008 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 788-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

G. Aouad ◽

A. Laboudigue ◽

N. Gineys ◽

N.E. Abriak

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Dredged Sediments ◽

Portland Cement Clinker

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Complex Pyrometallurgical Processing of Silicate Raw Material and Technogenic Waste into Market Products

Ecology and Industry of Russia ◽

10.18412/1816-0395-2018-12-14-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 14-18

Author(s):

V.F. Pavlov ◽

V.F. Shabanov

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Material ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Metallic Phase ◽

Raw Material ◽

Low Grade ◽

New Approach ◽

Near Ir ◽

Technogenic Waste ◽

Processing Facility ◽

Pyrometallurgical Processing

A new approach to solving the problem of complex nonwaste processing of bottom ash waste (BAW) of low-grade metallic and nonmetallic feeds has been set forth. The solution is based on deep recreative melting of various burden materials with dividing the flux into a metallic phase and a silicate part that virtually does not contain any metal oxides. It has been shown that, depending on the method of producing the flux, various materials are generated: a foamed X-ray amorphous material (foamed silicate) with a stable formulation, a fine mineral fiber or spheres depending on technological modes. It follows from this work that the obtained foamed material is a semiproduct used as a fill insulation, a raw material for manufacturing foam ceramics and optically transparent glasses in the visible and near-IR ranges, and a sorbent for collection of oil products. On the basis of the experimental data, an industrial waste processing facility has been developed.

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Addition of large amount of municipal sewage sludge as raw material in cement clinker production

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-017-9949-6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (36) ◽

pp. 27862-27869 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Minrui Huang ◽

Huajun Feng ◽

Na Li ◽

Dongsheng Shen ◽

Yuyang Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Municipal Sewage ◽

Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽

Clinker Production

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Study Formation Process of Cement Clinker Minerals by Using Calcium Carbide Slag as Raw Material

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.341 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 389 ◽

pp. 341-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ya Li Wang ◽

Shi Jie Dong ◽

Lin Lin Liu ◽

Su Ping Cui ◽

Hai Bo Xu

Keyword(s):

Mineral Composition ◽

Formation Process ◽

Phase Structure ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calcium Carbide ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Mineral Phase ◽

Carbide Slag

Calcium carbide Slag is one kind of industrial wastes from CaC2 hydrolysis reaction that will cause land pollution. In the research, calcium carbide Slag used as a substitute for limestone to produce cement clinker, which with a high portion of CaO content and then an excellent calcium containing raw material. As a kind of industrial wastes, the properties of Calcium carbide slag differentiate from that of natural limestone. The formation process of clinker minerals was studied by means of XRD. The results indicated that clinker minerals formation is similar to that from use of limestone. The generated clinker has a rational mineral composition and well developed mineral phase structure. But, there are many differences in decomposition temperatures between the calcium containing raw materials. Therefore, the carbide slag can be used as a substitute of limestone raw material to produce cement clinker.

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The Use of FBC Fly Ash in the Preparation of Portland Cement Clinker

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.168 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 722 ◽

pp. 168-172

Author(s):

Karel Kulísek ◽

Dominik Gazdič ◽

Karel Dvořák ◽

Marcela Fridrichová

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Calcium Oxide ◽

Calcium Silicate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Oxide Content ◽

Fly Ashes ◽

Portland Cement Clinker ◽

The Impact ◽

Fbc Fly Ash

The present work focuses on the use of fluid fly ash for Portland clinker burning. Fluid ashes are carriers of all basic oxides represented in the cement raw meal. However, while the share of hydraulic oxides is in ashes sufficient, there is a significant deficiency in calcium oxide content. Preliminary studies have shown that the combination thereof with calcite as the second essential component of the fluid fly-ashes for the raw material based on Portland clinker burning application, it is necessary to solve a problematic issues. The first one concerns the potential leakage SOx resulting from decomposition of CaSO4 ash into the atmosphere. The second circumstance is the correction tracks raw meal in order to redistribute in the samples prepared under the initial studies, the obtained clinker minerals content in favor of calcium silicate, of them further in favor of alite. The last issue is the evaluation of the impact of fluid utilization of fly ash as a partial raw material bases for reducing CO2 emissions in the Portland clinker burning.

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Study on the Calcinations of Recycled Cement Clinker Using Waste Concrete and Waste Clay Brick

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.337 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 629-630 ◽

pp. 337-342

Author(s):

Hong Mei Ai ◽

Su Feng Zhu

Keyword(s):

Hydration Product ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Clinker ◽

Sintering Process ◽

Clay Brick ◽

Cement Production ◽

Construction Waste ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Waste Concrete ◽

Hydration Characteristics

Utilizing construction waste, mainly waste concrete, to produce recycled cement, provides possibility for realizing the closed circulation between concrete and cement, which is an effective way for sustainable development of cement and concrete industry. Waste clay brick (WCB) and its surface-coated waste mortar are inevitably introduced into the raw meals while waste concrete is used in cement production. So on the basis of the composition characteristics of construction waste, considering of optimizing the performance of recycled cement and improving the adaptability of recycled cement to complex raw material, it's necessary to study the effect of raw meal mixing waste concrete and WCB on sintering process and property of recycled cement clinker. Mixing waste concrete and WCB in three different proportions, the burnability of raw meal, clinker mineral composition, clinker mineral morphology and hydration characteristics of recycled cement have been studied in this paper. The results indicate, the presence of WCB is beneficial for the generation and development of silicate minerals; with increasing proportion of WCB, the content of f-CaO in recycled cement clinker rises, the structure of C-S-H gel from hydration product presents higher densification and the compression strength of 3d and 28d curing period are enhanced.

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