scholarly journals Comparative Study on the In-Ladle Treatment Techniques for Nodulizing the Iron’s Graphite

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-509
Author(s):  
Imre Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Calcium Carbide ◽  
Ladle Treatment ◽  
Steel Scrap ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Molten Cast Iron ◽  
Flow Through

The objectives of this research is to study and understand the nodulizing of ductile iron using in-ladle treatment process. Among the more common nodulizing agents is magnesium (Mg) which is conventionally added to the cast iron by combining suitable alloys of one or both of these elements with molten cast iron. Depending on the characteristics of each master alloy used as nodulizer, different treatment methods and techniques are used, among these, the most widely used being in-ladle, in-mould, and flow-through, the first being the most used. This research deals with the parameters, that affect the quality of ductile iron produced using in-ladle treatment process. The parameters involved are the percentage of magnesium–ferrosilicon (Fe–Si–Mg) used and the nodulizing technique. In-ladle treatment used consists of a deep pocket into the bottom of ladle, in which magnesium–ferrosilicon is placed into it together with a steel scrap barrier (steel sheets) or calcium carbide. This study, take into account, the degree of assimilation of magnesium, which shows the performance of the chosen process, depending on the nodulizer used and the temperature of the treatment.

Influence of Charge Composition on EN-GJS-500-7 Ductile Iron Properties in Foundry Operating Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 998 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Alena Pribulová ◽  
Peter Futaš ◽  
Marcela Pokusova
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Ductile Cast Iron ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Steel Scrap ◽  
Charge Composition ◽  
Iron Castings ◽  
Worldwide Production

Worldwide production of ductile iron castings reached in year 2017 26,428,148 metric tons, which is 34% of the total weight of all castings made from cast iron. The most significant increase in ductile iron castings was recorded in Slovakia, up to 78.6%. Castings from ductile iron have a very huge utilization thanks their very good foundry and mechanical properties. The current economic situation in all industries forces entrepreneurs and producers to rationalize production and reduce production costs, with a worldwide trend to increase the share of steel scrap, a technology for the production of ductile cast iron. The paper describes the results of research focused on the effect of charge composition, mainly the share of scrap steel on the final properties and structure of ductile iron EN-GJS-500-7 under the operating conditions of foundry. Six melts with different charge composition were made. The samples from all melts were taken and chemical analysis, microstructure analysis and testing on mechanical properties were made on them. The mechanical properties of produced globular cast irons were according with the relevant standard. It is important to mention that there has been a significant increase in strength characteristics in melts in which the carbon content exceeded 4% (CE = 4.7 and 4.8%, respectively).

scholarly journals Investigation of the Nodularisation Propensity of Calcined Cashew-Nut Shell-Ash in Cast-Iron Melt Graphite

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
O.I. Sekunowo ◽  
J.O. Ugboaja ◽  
J.A. Tiamiyu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Ductile Cast Iron ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Melt Treatment ◽  
Master Alloys ◽  
Molten Cast Iron ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Production of ductile iron using ferrosilicon-magnesium master alloy in melt treatment is currently fraught with challenges bothering on cost and availability. In this study the suitability of cashew nut shells ash (CNSA) as a viable alternative to magnesium master alloys employed in the treatment of molten cast iron for enhanced mechanical properties was studied. The carbonized CNSA used varied from 2-10 wt. % to treat different heat batches; CA1-CA5 containing varied amount of CNSA, CaO and FeSi in the molten cast iron. The cast samples were subjected to both mechanical characterisation (tensile, hardness and impact) and microstructural analysis using Instron electromechanical machine, impact tester and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Results show that the 8 wt. % CNSA addition demonstrated the best mechanical properties comparable to ASTM A536 ferritic ductile cast iron. Specifically, the 8 wt. % CNSA cast samples exhibited 433 MPa tensile strength, 144HRC hardness and ductility of 14.7%. Contributions to improved mechanical properties may be attributed to the development of sufficient fractions of graphite nodules during melt treatment with CNSA. These outcomes are a boost both to the production of quality ductile irons and a cleaner environment. Keywords: Nodularisation, ductile-iron, cashew-nut, ferrosilicon-magnesium alloy, mechanical properties

scholarly journals The Importance of SiC in the Process of Melting Ductile Iron with a Variable Content of Charge Materials

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Janerka ◽  
Łukasz Kostrzewski ◽  
Marcin Stawarz ◽  
Jan Jezierski
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Steel Scrap ◽  
Spheroidal Graphite ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Metallurgical Silicon ◽  
Variable Content ◽  
Iron Grade ◽  
The Impact

The article presents issues related to melting ductile iron grade EN-GJS-400-15, with different proportions of feedstock (steel scrap and pig iron). The main attention was paid to determining the impact of silicon carbide on the structure and properties of melted cast iron. In the conducted melts, carbon and silicon deficiencies were supplemented with a suitably chosen carburizer, ferrosilicon, and SiC metallurgical silicon carbide. The percentage of silicon carbide in the charge ranged from 0 to 0.91%. The basic condition for the planning of melts was to maintain the repeatability of the chemical composition of the output cast iron and cast iron after the secondary treatment of liquid metal with various charge compositions. Based on the tests, calculations, and analyses of the results obtained, it was concluded that the addition of SiC may increase the number and size of graphite precipitates. Increasing the SiC content in the charge also caused a change in the solidification nature of the alloy and the mechanism of growth of spheroidal graphite precipitates, causing their surface to form a scaly shell. The influence of the addition of silicon carbide on the reduction of the temperature of liquidus in the alloys was also observed. Silicon carbide had a positive effect on the structure and properties of melted alloys. The introduction of SiC into the melting in the studied range caused an increase in the content of carbon and silicon without causing an increase in the amount of impurities in the alloy.

Teknologi Inokulasi Besi Cor Kelabu FC-250 Untuk Mencegah Pengerasan Pada Dove Tale Produk Ragum Tipe 125

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Suhadi ◽  
Seodihono
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Gray Cast Iron ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Gray Cast ◽  
Micro Structure ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Casting Industry

Production technology of metal casting industry in Indonesia needs to be improved, especially in the manufacturing of spare parts and box engine made of gray cast iron which has various wall thick such as dove tale construction. Microstructure of gray cast iron is influenced by cooling rate during casting, chemical composition and melting treatment process (inoculation). The part which has the thinnest thickness has the fastest cooling therefore, the grain boundary is smaller compared to other section. As a result this part has highest hardness and difficult to be machined. This research is conducted to solve this problem by modifying melting and solidification treatment process. The research starting from micro structure analysis, composition and mechanical properties tests on the product, and then conducting modification treatment through Taguchi method approach. Experimental results obtained show that the best level settings to control factors which affect to the uniformity of the microstructure and mechanical properties in gray cast iron is the addition of seed inoculation super ® 75, as much as 0.25% with the method of inoculation material entering into the Transfer Ladle.Teknologi produksi pada industri pengecoran di Indonesia masih membutuhkan perbaikan terutama dalam pembuatan komponen mesin perkakas dan peralatan pabrik yang terbuat dari besi tuang kelabu yang mempunyai variasi ketebalan yang besar seperti konstruksi ekor burung (dove tale). Pada pengecoran, struktur mikro dari besi tuang kelabu sangat dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan pendinginan, komposisi kimia dan proses perlakuan pada logam cair (inokulasi). Bagian yang mempunyai ukuran paling tipis mempunyai kecepatan pendinigan paling tinggi karena itu ukuran butirnya jauh lebih kecil dari bagian lain, akibatnya bagian ini mempunyai kekerasan lebih tinggi dan sulit dilakukan pengerjaan mesin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki hal ini yang terjadi pada dove taledengan cara memodifikasi proses perlakuan pada cairan besi dan proses pendinginan. Penelitian dimulai dari analisa struktur mikro, pengujian komposisi kimia, pengujian sifat mekanis pada produk kemudian dilakukan modifikasi menggunakan pendekatan metode statistik Taguchi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan terbaik yang dapat diperoleh untuk mendapatkan keseragaman struktur mikro dan sifat mekanis pada pengecoran besi tuang kelabu adalah penambahan seed inoculation super ® 75, sebesar 0.25% dengan metode pemasukan inokulasi kedalam Ladle pengangkut logam cair.Keywords: carbon, micro structure, hardness, inoculation

The application of the root zone method for the treatment and reuse of high-strength abattoir waste in Mexico

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fermin Rivera ◽  
Alan Warren ◽  
Colin R. Curds ◽  
Esperanza Robles ◽  
Alejandro Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Stage System ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Two Stages

A two-stage system for treating high-strength wastewater from an abattoir at Pachuca, Mexico is described. The system consists of an anaerobic digester followed by an artificially-constructed wetland which employs horizontal subsurface flow through the root zone of emergent hydrophytes planted in a gravel substrate. The main goals of this study were to monitor the treatment efficiency of the system for the first twelve months of operation and to assess the suitability of the effluent for irrigation purposes. The treatment efficiency during the twelve month period was generally good with mean removal efficiencies of 88.5% for BOD5, 87.4% COD, 89% suspended solids, 73.6% organic nitrogen and >99% faecal coliforms. Removal rates were generally poor for orthophosphates, NH3-nitrogen and NO3-nitrogen. The differing roles of the two stages in the treatment process are discussed. Although not suitable for irrigating crops, the effluent is being successfully used for the irrigation of ornamental plants and recreational lands.

scholarly journals Influence of Technological Parameters of Furane Mixtures on Shrinkage Creation in Ductile Cast Iron Castings

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Vasková ◽  
M. Hrubovčáková ◽  
J. Malik ◽  
Š. Eperješi
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Ductile Cast Iron ◽  
Gating System ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Iron Castings ◽  
Steel Castings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High ◽  
Great Development

Abstract Ductile cast iron (GS) has noticed great development in last decades and its boom has no analogue in history humankind. Ductile iron has broaden the use of castings from cast iron into areas, which where exclusively domains for steel castings. Mainly by castings, which weight is very high, is the propensity to shrinkage creation even higher. Shrinkage creation influences mainly material, construction of casting, gating system and mould. Therefore, the main realized experiment was to ascertain the influence of technological parameters of furane mixture on shrinkage creation in castings from ductile iron. Together was poured 12 testing items in 3 moulds forto determine and compare the impact of various technological parameters forms the propensity for shrinkage in the casting of LGG.

Hot gun repairs of molten cast iron transfer ladles

Metallurgist ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
A. M. Semenov ◽  
P. I. Andronov ◽  
N. M. Korolev
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Iron Transfer ◽  
Molten Cast Iron

scholarly journals Structural iron with compact forms of graphite

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Денис Болдырев ◽  
Denis Boldyrev ◽  
Сергей Давыдов ◽  
Sergey Davydov ◽  
Виталий Сканцев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Compact Form ◽  
Structural Iron

The identity of the mechanical properties of ductile iron (QP) and cast iron with compact forms of graphite, in particular, with nodular and vermicular graphite (CSWG). Given the fundamental differences in techniques of obtaining QP and CSUG in terms of their labor, material and energy intensity at virtually the identical strength properties shown to be technically and economically preferable for the manufacture of castings of CSWG and other cast iron with a compact form of graphite.

scholarly journals Ausferritic (bainitic) cast iron: Harmonization of international standard ISO 17804 in application to the conditions of Belarus

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
A. I. Pokrovskii ◽  
B. B. Khina ◽  
O. A. Tolkacheva
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
High Strength ◽  
State Committee ◽  
Spheroidal Graphite ◽  
Cast Irons ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
State Organizations

The experience of the Physico-technical Institute (PhTI) of the National Acdemy of Sciences of Belarus in the harmonization of international standard ISO 17804 (Founding – Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons – Classification) and development of the Belorussian analogue STB ISO is described. The reasons for the choice of austempered ductile iron (ADI) as an object for standard harmonization are presented: it is the most promising cast iron in comparison with gray and classical ductile iron. The work procedure on harmonization is described: how to include the task into the State Plan on standardization, specificity of translation of the text, peculiarities of with state organizations responsible for approbation of standards such as Belorussian Institute for Standardization and Certification (BelGISS) and State Committee on Standards (Gosstandart), writing a summary of external reviews, working with critical comments from potential users. It is outlined that any foreign standard does not exists independently but is closely connected with at least 10 to 20 other standards. Thus, harmonization necessitates coordination with other standards and sometimes even with handbooks by adding annexes to the main text. The importance of a proper choice of the standard status is outlined: identical (ID) or modified (MOD). Developing an identical standard is prestigious but difficult because is requires harmonization of all the referenced standards, which is a very labor-consuming procedure. It is argued that the most suitable is ‘intermediate’ variant: adopting the authentic text of the international standard (in high-quality translation) but with annexes reflecting national specificity in this area. As a result, a harmonized standard is developed which, for the first time in Belarus, standardize the tensile strength of 800 MPa in combination with the elongation of 10 % and the tensile strength of 1400 MPa in combination with the elongation of 1 % for cast irons.The annual demand for ADI in Belarus is estimated as about 10,000 ton. It is shown that in Belarus, where about 60 industrial enterprises have a foundry and almost every engineering plant has a heat-treatment shop, austempered ductile cast (ADI), which features a high strength, can successfully compete with rolled steel in certain applications.

scholarly journals The Formation of Gaseous Atmosphere in a Molten Cast Iron/Moulding Sand Contact System

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mocek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Molten Iron ◽  
Gaseous Atmosphere ◽  
Furan Resin ◽  
Molten Cast Iron ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Moulding Sand ◽  
Lower Temperature

Abstract Drops of molten cast iron were placed on moulding sand substrates. The composition of the forming gaseous atmosphere was examined. It was found that as a result of the cast iron contact with water vapour released from the sand, a significant amount of hydrogen was evolved. In all the examined moulding sands, including sands without carbon, a large amount of CO was formed. The source of carbon monoxide was carbon present in cast iron. In the case of bentonite moulding sand with seacoal and sand bonded with furan resin, in the composition of the gases, the trace amounts of hydrocarbons, i.e. benzene, toluene, styrene and naphthalene (BTX), appeared. As the formed studies indicate much higher content of BTX at lower temperature it was concluded that the hydrocarbons are unstable in contact with molten iron.

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