scholarly journals Advanced Ocular Lesions in Growing Calves with Avitaminosis A

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Opacity ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Recommended Dosage ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Ocular Lesions ◽  
Bright Sunlight ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum

A beef cattle farm was visited due to blindness in a group of 28 calves aged 10-12 months. According to farmer, the first blind calves were observed about 20 days before and no sign of lacrimation or corneal opacity was observed. He first noticed that 3 calves were disoriented, hitting on the pen walls and preferred to stand near the feed and water troughs. Gradually, more than half of calves of this group developed similar signs. The calves were fed ad libitum with wheat straw and a homemade concentrate mixture consisting of corn, wheat bran, soybean meal and a mixture of vitamins and trace minerals. The mixture was added at the concentrate feed at the 1/10 of the recommended dosage. At animals’ inspection it was revealed that 18 out of 28 had the ocular lesions presented in (Figures 1 and 2). They were characterized by bilateral exophthalmos with dilated pupils. The degree of exophthalmos varied among animals. The pupils were unresponsive even in bright sunlight and the menace response was absent. The observed ocular lesions are typical of a vitaminosis A in young calves [1-3]. Blindness and absence of the pupillary light reflex are the result of optic nerve necrosis caused by stenosis of the optic foramen due to failure of bone resorption and increase inosteoblastic activity [1-4]. Exophthalmos is always bilateral, with the most advanced cases showing a prominent eye with large area of sclera visible all around cornea. It is regarded that protruding eyes are the result of blindness alone since no macroscopic lesions are observed at retro bulbar tissues [3]. Such advanced lesions are not reversible [1-3]; so, it was recommended all the affected animals to be slaughtered. It was suggested the rest of the animals to be treated with injectable administration of vitamin A along with the inclusion of the mixture of vitamins and trace minerals at the appropriate dosage in the concentrates.

scholarly journals Assessment of Quality and Safety of Winged Termites (Macrotermes bellicosus) Enriched Locally Formulated Complementary Foods

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladejo Thomas Adepoju ◽  
Kayode Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Macrotermes Bellicosus ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Histopathological Effects

Addition of edible insects to local staples used as complementary foods can improve their nutrient content. Nutritional quality and safety of Macrotermes bellicosus enriched boiled rice (BR) and yam (BY) complementary foods (CFs) was assessed using rats. Macrotermes bellicosus (MB) were collected, dried, and refrigerated at -4oC. Ground MB was added to BR and BY in ratios 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% (w/w) to give BR1, BY1; BR2, BY2, and BR3, BY3 respectively. Nutrient content of MB, BY, BR and MB-enriched CFs were determined by AOAC methods. Nutrient bioavailability and safety of BR3 and BY3 were assessed using rats fed ad libitum for 28 days. Serum trace minerals in the CFs, control and basal diets and histopathological effects of CFs on rats’ organs were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Dried MB contained 31.8g protein, 16.4g fat, 3.8g ash, 227.5mg calcium, 2.1mg iron, 15.0mg zinc, 330.4μg retinol equivalent (RE), and 529.0kcal energy/100g sample. The BR and BY contained 3.7-5.9g protein, 70.0-120mg calcium,4.2-5.6mg iron, 1.2-1.5mg zinc and 380- 386kcal/100g compared with 7.9-15.3g protein, 242.2-264mg calcium, 2.4-4.4mg iron, 15.1-19.8mg zinc and 357-372kcal/100g enriched CFs (p<0.05). Rats Serum trace minerals ranged between 3.4- 4.3mg zinc, 23.4-27.9mg calcium, 30.6-37.0mg iron; and 52.5-56.9μg RE, compared with control (3.2, 22.2, 34.1, 48.2) and basal (2.2, 21.1, 24.0 mg, 32.3 μg) diets respectively (p<0.05). No pathological lesions were observed in internal organs of rats on CF diets. Adding Macrotermes bellicosus to local complementary foods is safe and improved their nutritional quality, hence its use is recommended among mothers.

Influence of Different Levels of Dietary Energy on Performance of Double Suckled Cows and Calves

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 106-106
Author(s):  
M.A.S. Khan ◽  
J.H. Topps ◽  
P.J. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Levels

The winter feeding of beef cows represents a high, proportion of the costs of calf production. Attempts to minimise cost include the use of beef (♂) x dairy cows (♀) which have the ability to suckle two calves and to mobilise body reserves during periods of underfeeding in early lactation. Khan and Topps (1985) observed that cows in good condition at calving could maintain milk production and raise two good calves when given 110 MJ ME/day in a diet which included a source of undegradable protein. Subsequently a preliminary experiment was carried out with three single suckled and nine double suckled cows to examine the effect of energy level on the performance of cows and calves.Three single suckled cows and nine double suckled cows i.e. six with a natural plus foster calf and three with twin calves produced by embryo transfer were used in this experiment. The levels of energy that were examined were 70 or 90, 80 or 100 and 90 or 110 MJ ME/day for single and double-suckled cows respectively, supplied in diets containing ammonia treated straw, barley and fishmeal. Nine of the cows were placed into trios according to calving date and age, with a trio consisting of a cow with a natural calf, a cow with a natural and foster calf, and a cow with twin calves. Each trio was allocated at random to one of the three levels of energy. Similarly, the remaining three cows with a natural and foster calf were allocated at random to 90, 100 or 110 MJ ME/day. The calves were given good quality hay ad libitum and free access to a concentrate mixture up to a maximum intake of 2 kg/head/day. The concentrate mixture consisted of (g/kg) 800 barley, 150 soyabean meal and 50 molassine meal. The experiment started on the 22nd day of lactation and was of 20 weeks duration for most of the cows.

scholarly journals Untreated and formaldehyde-treated urea as nitrogen sources for lactating dairy cows

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Jouko Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Friesian Cows

An experiment was performed with 22 Friesian cows, using a double reversal design with two treatments and one similar sequence for the two groups. The lengths of the standardization period, adaptation periods, test period and post-test period were 4, 1, 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. During the standardization and post-test periods the cows received pre-wilted grass silage ad libitum and a small amount of field-dried baled hay. In the test period hay was given ad libitum and the amount of grass silage was restricted. A concentrate mixture (barley, oats, minerals) was given daily to each cow at the rate of 0.3 kg/kg 4 % milk. During the standardization and post-test periods the mixture contained one percent of untreated urea and during the test period 2.5 % of untreated or treated urea. The urea had been treated with 1.5 % formaldehyde on a weight basis. The concentrate mixture was fed individually to each cow, but group feeding was used for the roughage. Among the cows producing more than 15 kg of 4 % milk a day, those receiving formaldehyde-treated urea had a significantly (P< 0.01) higher milk yield, and the fat content of their milk was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than the group receiving untreated urea. Among the cows producing less than 15kg of 4 % milk/day, the group given treated urea had a significantly (P

Comparisons of body composition and energy utilization between Merino and fixed halfbred (Border Leicester × Merino) wethers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Searle ◽  
NM Graham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Water Space

Merino and halfbred weaner sheep were fed ad libitum for 6 months and food intake recorded; some animals of each breed were given a roughage-concentrate mixture and others were given a wholly roughage diet. The chemical composition of the body was determined from time to time. The halfbred animals ate more of each diet and grew faster than the Mennos. The Merinos became progressively fatter, weight for weight, than the halfbreds; fatness was not affected by diet per se. There was no detectable difference between the breeds in energetic efficiency. Prediction of the energy content of the body from tritiated water space measured in vivo gave similar results to carcass analysis.

Balances of energy and matter in growing sheep at several ages, body weights, and planes of nutrition

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McC Graham ◽  
TW Searle
Keyword(s):  
Large Fraction ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Energy, carbon, and nitrogen balances in young sheep (aged 5, 10, and 14 months) given a roughage-concentrate mixture were measured in closed-circuit respiration apparatus. Animals of diverse weight but the same age and vice versa were studied at levels of feeding between half maintenance and ad libitum. Digestibility decreased by 7 units between the lowest and highest feeding level but was not shown to depend on weight or age. Methane production was lower at 5 months of age than subsequently and, in consequence, metabolizable energy decreased from 3.8 kcal/g digestible organic matter at 5 months of age to 3.6 kcal/g at 10 and 14 months. Net availability of metabolizable energy was measured directly in 10-month-old sheep only, and was then 52 and 62% in animals of 44 and 28 kg respectively. Otherwise, storage of metabolizable energy was not found to vary with weight or age. The young sheep had higher maintenance requirements and therefore lower overall efficiency than adults would have, but had higher net availability of metabolizable energy. Neither appetite nor efficiency was depressed by obesity in 14-month sheep. The fraction of energy balance accounted for by protein did not depend on age but varied inversely with body weight. Two obese animals continued to store a large fraction of energy in fat.

The effect of partial replacement of groundnut meal by white-fish meal in the diet of early-weaned calves

1960 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Preston ◽  
R. D. Ndumbe ◽  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
Euphemia B. Charleson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Groundnut Meal

Comparisons have been made of a calf early-weaning concentrate mixture in which 50% of the total nitrogen was derived from groundnut meal and a similar mixture having 33% of the nitrogen from groundnut and 19% from white-fish meal.In a feeding trial with 9 pairs of Aberdeen-Angus crossbred calves which were weaned at 3 weeks and then fed ad libitum, those given the ‘groundnut plus fish meal’ ration ate 4% less concentrate and gained 6 lb. more in weight over an 81-day period than their pair mates fed the ‘groundnut’ ration. Neither effect was significant.There were no differences between the two rations in their digestibility or their ability to promote nitrogen retention when food intake was equalised.

scholarly journals Monensin feeding trial with young growing bulls

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 269-274
Author(s):  
Mikko Tuori ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Feed Conversion Rate

The effect of monensin ongrowth and feed utilization was studied in male calves of milk breeds, mainly Ayrshire. After weaning they were kept in an indicated loose-housing type shed divided into four strawbedded pens. The experiment was started at the age of 2—3 months and lasted 16 weeks. A concentrate mixture and grass silage were offered ad libitum. The concentrate given to the test groups had a monensin content of 35 ppm. Monensin lowered the feed consumption: in the control and test groups the intake of concentrate was 3.9 and 3.7 kg DM, respectively, the silage intake was 0.8 and 0.7kg DM, the fattening feed unit intake was 4.65 and 4.36, and the ME 54.4 and 50.9 MJ per day. The liveweight gain was not affected (1328 and 1329 g/d). Monensin improved the feed conversion rate by 6 %. The animals in the test groups were slightly cleaner than the animals in the control groups.

scholarly journals Effects of concentrate supplementation on growth, reproduction and milk yield of Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sultana ◽  
M J Khan ◽  
M R Hassan ◽  
M A M Y Khondoker
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Group A ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group D

Sixteen female Black Bengal goats (10 ± 0.6 months of age and 11.5 ± 1.3 kg live weight) were divided into four groups having four goats in each. In a completely  randomized design, A, B, C and D were given 150, 200, 250 and 300g concentrate mixture  with ad libitum green grasses. Total dry matter (DM) intake (333.6, 374.7, 416.3 and  456.5g/day in groups A, B, C and D, respectively) was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by  the level of concentrate in the diet. Crude protein (CP) intake (45.2, 57.0, 66.4 and  75.7g/day) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in group D and lower in group A. Daily  weight gain of kids did not differ significantly between groups. Feed and protein  conversion efficiency was not significantly influenced by the concentrate level in the diet.  Milk yield was significantly (P<0.01) increased (206.8, 233.4, 359.3 and 374.7 mL/day for  groups A, B, C and D, respectively) with the supplementation of concentrate. It is  suggested to supplement 250g of concentrate daily to female goats in addition to ad libitum roughage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v29i1.11884 Bangl. vet. 2012. Vol. 29, No. 1, 7-16

Nutrient intake, digestibility, milk production and composition of lactating cows fed oat hay and concentrate containing varying levels of poultry litter

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Pal ◽  
K. S. Singh ◽  
M. K. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum

Utilization of poultry litter (PL) to replace soybean meal in cow diets was studied. 24 lactating cows divided in four groups, fed for 90 days with <italic>ad-libitum</italic> oathay and concentrate mixture to meet energy and protein requirements. Concentrate fed to control animals contained de-oiled soybean meal (DSM) as protein supplement, which was replaced at 25, 37.5 and 50 % with PL in concentrate II, III and IV, PL accounted 28, 42 and 56 % levels respectively, and fed to cows of T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups. PL contained CP 18.0 % and energy 3.75 Mcal/kg DM. DM intake (DMI) varied from 2.4 to 2.6 % of body weight, while milk production ranged from 5.6 to 6.3 kg, which were similar among four groups. Study concluded that PL can be included in the concentrate mixtures of cows up to 56 % without reduction in DMI, digestibility and milk production.

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