Abstract
Background
Target organ damage (TOD) in essential hypertension relates to an adverse prognosis. Middle aged men are considered a population group where cardiovascular risk typically augments and erectile dysfunction (ED) that frequently accompanies both entities refers to a subclinical vascular damage process.
Purpose
To identify the optimal blood pressure (BP) levels in middle aged hypertensive males with ED in relation to TOD.
Methods
258 ED males (mean age: 56 yo) with essential hypertension under medical treatment enrolled the study. All underwent 2D echocardiography and carotid ultrasound evaluation to determine left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and intima – media thickness (IMT) respectively. Carotid – femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) were also assessed as indices of central vascular stiffness and wave reflection physiology (complior & sphygmocor devices). Office brachial blood pressure (BP) measurements where performed according to the current guidelines and an average of three consecutive values was computed. Erectile dysfunction was assessed by using the SHIM-5 score (range 0–25, lower values display a pronounced dysfunction).
Results
In bivariate analysis brachial systolic blood pressure (bSAP) was positively and strongly associated with LVMI (r=0,6), PWV (r=0,65), AIx (r=0,67, all p<0,001) and IMT (p<0,05, r=0,55). Erectile performance as assessed by the SHIM-5 score was negatively related to PWV, AIX and IMT (r=−0,58, r=−0,45 and r=−0,65 all p<0,001) pointing out the underlying vascular detriment. Interestingly, there were no such correlations regarding the diastolic blood pressure values. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed and the relation of bSAP with LVMI, PWV, AIx and IMT remained significant after adjustment for age, BMI, smoking habits and presence of diabetes mellitus (all p<0,05). We further subdivided our population into three groups according to the values of office bSAP for normal blood pressure (≤129mmHg, n=143,55%), high normal (130–139mmHg, n=59, 23%) and high (≥140mmHg, n=56,22%). In patients with high-normal bSAP, the parameters of PWV and LVMI were significantly higher than in patients with normal BP (independent sample t-test, p: 0,032 and 0,016 respectively). Patients of the high bSAP group as expected, had more extensive cardiac and vascular damage (LVMI, PWV and AIx).
Conclusion
In essential hypertensive middle aged men with erectile dysfunction, guiding therapy toward normal systolic blood pressure values as compared to the high normal benefits target organ physiology. It is clinically important to identify this vascular patients group in order to adjust regimens and further therapeutic strategies.
EFFECT OF SIMPLIFIED KUNDALINI YOGA ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD SUGAR AMONG MIDDLE AGED SEDENTARY WOMEN
