The Dispersal of Rodent-Borne Strains of Aphanoascus Keratinophilus and Chrysosporium Tropicum by Pellets of Predatory Birds

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Ciesielska ◽  
Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska ◽  
Ignacy Kitowski ◽  
Justyna Bohacz
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Keratinophilic Fungi ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Restriction Fragments ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Dermatophytic Fungi ◽  
Predatory Birds ◽  
Chrysosporium Tropicum

The species composition of keratinophilic fungi in 153 pellets of nine species of predatory birds was analysed. Based on morphological criteria, a total of 439 strains of non-dermatophytic fungi of the Chrysosporium group were isolated and identified. Dermatophytes were not detected. The collection was verified using molecular methods, such as PCR-RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphism) and two potentially pathogenic species, Aphanoascus keratinophilus and Chrysosporium tropicum, were detected. Pellet colonisation by these fungi ranged between 37.5% and 91.7% depending on the bird species. As the analysis of undigested remains found in the pellets showed, rodents, mostly Microtus, which constituted from 57% to 100% of the birds’ diet, were a chief source of A. keratinophilus and Ch. tropicum strains. It was demonstrated that the survival and dispersal of A. keratinophilus strains was supported by higher pellet moisture while those of Ch. tropicum strains by drying, which was conditioned by the site where pellets were dropped and deposited by individual species of predatory birds. Based on the results, circulation routes of both opportunistic pathogens using pellets of predatory birds as carriers are proposed.

Die Brutvogelfauna eines Nadelwaldes der nördlichen Voralpen nach dem Sturm Lothar

2017 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Pierre Mollet ◽  
René Hardegger ◽  
Res Altwegg ◽  
Pius Korner ◽  
Simon Birrer
Keyword(s):  
Forest Succession ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Point Counts ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Central Switzerland ◽  
Bird Fauna

Breeding bird fauna in a coniferous forest in the northern Prealps after storm Lothar In a 70-hectare large coniferous forest located on the northern edge of the Alps in central Switzerland, Canton of Obwalden, at an altitude of 1260 to 1550 metres above sea level, we surveyed the local breeding bird fauna in 2002 and 2013 by means of point counts as well as additional area searches for rare species. In December 1999, hurricane Lothar caused two large windthrow areas and several smaller areas with scattered throws in the survey range. We found a total of 48 breeding bird species, which is a very diverse species composition for a mountain forest. In the eleven years between surveys, a decline in distribution or abundance was recorded for four species, while seven species showed an increase; a further four species showed no change. For the remaining species, the data sets were too small to reliably estimate changes. A comparison with forest structure data provided by the Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL revealed that for five bird species, the changes in distribution or abundance could be explained at least partially by forest succession. In order to obtain realistic distribution and abundance values in this kind of breeding bird survey, it is essential to collect large enough samples and to consider the detection probability of each individual species using appropriate statistical methods.

scholarly journals Avian Community Response to Midrotation Herbicide Release and Prescribed Burning in Conservation Reserve Program Plantations

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Sladek ◽  
L. Burger ◽  
Ian Munn
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Conservation Reserve Program ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Avian Community ◽  
Disturbance Regimes ◽  
Pinus Spp

Abstract Former agricultural lands converted to pine (Pinus spp.) plantations in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) have potential to provide early successional (ES) habitat for many regionally declining pine/grassland and shrub-successional bird species if actively managed with appropriate disturbance regimes. One such regime is use of the selective herbicide Imazapyr (Arsenal Applicators Concentrate) and prescribed burning, which is permitted on CRP lands and cost share payments are available. This study quantified combined effects of Imazapyr and prescribed fire on the breeding season avian community characteristics and pine volume growth in thinned, midrotation afforested loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) plantations in Mississippi. Herbicide treatments were applied in fall of 2002 and winter burns were conducted during winter and early spring of 2002–2003. ES bird species richness was significantly greater in the treated plots compared with controls for both 2003 and 2004. Ten individual species exhibited treatment effects. These responses by ES bird species indicate that midrotation CRPplantations can provide needed ES habitat if treated with appropriate disturbance regimes.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS OF NECROBACTERIOSIS OF COWS BY PCR-RFLP

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
O.D. Biriukova ◽  
T.M. Suprovych ◽  
M.P. Suprovych ◽  
S.V. Laiter-Moskaliuk ◽  
I.O. Chornyi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Experimental Sample ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Restriction Fragments ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Dairy Breed ◽  
Established Technique ◽  
Gene Exon

Molecular genetic markers can detect polymorphism at the DNA level. This feature determines the possibility of their widespread use in genetics and breeding. Alleles of the BoLA-DRB3 gene (exon 2) can act as such markers if a statically significant association between the disease and the allele is established. The presence of such DNA markers in the genotype of animals makes it possible to judge the likelihood of disease in postnatal ontogenesis immediately after the birth of a heifer, based on which we can conclude about the conditions of further use of the animal in the main herd. According to the results of studying the polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene in cows of the Ukrainian black and white dairy breed resistant and susceptible to necrobacteriosis, four "informative" alleles were revealed. Two of them *03 and *22 are associated with resistance, and the other two - *16 and *23 with susceptibility to necrobacteriosis. The presence of these alleles in the genotype of the animal is determined by testing performed by PCR-RFLP. The method is time consuming, labor intensive and costly. To simplify it, the following technique is proposed. Restriction fragments of alleles *03, *16, *22 and *23 for endocluases RsaI, XhoII and HaeIII have the following DNA patterns: bbb, jbd, mba and nba. Due to the peculiarity of the restriction fragments, which is that endonuclease XhoII reveals in these alleles only one pattern b with length of 284 bp, the process of determining informative alleles can be simplified. Isolation of DNA from blood samples and amplification of a fragment of the BoLA-DRB3.2 gene with a size of 284 bp is carried out according to the established technique. Next, the restriction of the fragment by endonuclease XhoII and sampling having a pattern b. Selected samples are treated with RsaI endonuclease and only those with patterns b, j, m and n remain. The next step is to restrict the selected samples with HaeIII endonuclease and select heifers with bbb (*03) and nba (*23) genotypes. After the first restriction, blood samples without pattern b are eliminated from the experimental sample; after the second – two alleles with patterns RsaI + XhoII jb (*16) and mb (*22) are unambiguously determined, after the third – genotypes bbb and nba, which correspond to alleles *03 and *23. In total, only 75% of blood samples are typed, which reduces the material consumption, time and cost of work to identify heifers genetically susceptible (resistant) to necrobacteriosis.

scholarly journals Sarcocystis sp. parasites in the Mexican Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus), and Stripe-headed Sparrow (Aimophila ruficauda)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Domingo Sánchez-Godoy ◽  
Fernando Chávez-Maya ◽  
Adriana Méndez-Bernal ◽  
Gary García-Espinosa ◽  
Cristina Guerrero-Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Molothrus Aeneus ◽  
Specific Fragment

The objective of this study was to describe the morphological and ultraestructural characteristics, the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) results, the sequences and the phylogenetic analysis of a specific fragment of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1), amplified using the 25/396 primers, of the Sarcocystis sp. parasites identified in the muscles of wild great-tailed grackles, bronzed cowbirds, and stripe-headed sparrows in Mexico. Fifteen birds with sarcocystosis in their skeletal muscles were studied: 7 great-tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus), 6 bronzed cowbirds (Molothrus aeneus), and 2 stripe-headed sparrows (Aimophila ruficauda). Histopathological analysis revealed thin-walled mature parasite cysts. Ultrastructurally, the cyst wall consisted of a granular layer with villar protrusions and numerous microtubules. The bradyzoites measured 4.1 × 1.6 µm, and micronemes appeared in the anterior third of the conoid. For molecular identification, PCR-RFLP was performed using sequences of a specific fragment of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) using the primers 25/396 and Hinf I. Hind III did not cut this fragment. The sequencing results indicated a 100% similarity among the Sarcocystis parasites from the three bird species, and a BLAST search revealed 96% sequence similarity with S. neurona. The phylogenetic analysis shows that the sequences studied are topologically distant to those sequences reported for S. neurona in the United States and in South America and are not related to any group previously reported. Although our morphological and molecular analysis data provide strong evidence that S. neurona uses these bird species as intermediate hosts, future molecular studies with additional DNA fragments, combined with biological studies, will ultimately allow us to convincingly identify these parasites. This is the first report of a Sarcocystis sp. parasite in wild birds in Mexico that may be S. neurona.

scholarly journals Incidence of Keratinophilic Fungi from Selected Soils of Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra State, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Deshmukh ◽  
Shilpa Amit Verekar
Keyword(s):  
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽  
Keratinophilic Fungi ◽  
Microsporum Gypseum ◽  
Its2 Rdna ◽  
Blast Search ◽  
Chrysosporium Tropicum

One hundred and fifty samples were collected from eleven districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi using hair baiting technique for isolation. Seventy-one isolates were recovered and identified. The cultures were identified using macro- and micromorphological features. Their identification was also confirmed by the BLAST search of sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region against the NCBI/Genbank data and compared with deposited sequences for identification purpose. Thirteen species of eight genera were isolated, namely, Auxarthron conjugatum (2.00%), Chrysosporium indicum (14.00%), Chrysosporium evolceanui (2.66%), Chrysosporium tropicum (4.66%), Chrysosporium zonatum (1.33%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (3.33%), Gymnascella dankaliensis (1.33%), Gymnascella hyalinospora (0.66%), Gymnoascoideus petalosporus (0.66%), Microsporum gypseum complex (9.33%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2.00%), T. terrestre (3.33%), and Uncinocarpus queenslandicus (2.00%). This study indicates that the soils of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra may be significant reservoirs of certain keratinophilic fungi.

scholarly journals Geophilic dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in the nests of wetland birds

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska ◽  
Ignacy Kitowski ◽  
Helena Iglik
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Keratinophilic Fungi ◽  
Microsporum Gypseum ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Wetland Birds ◽  
Trichophyton Terrestre ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Geophilic Dermatophytes ◽  
Chrysosporium Tropicum ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The frequency and species diversity of keratinophilic fungi in 38 nests of nine species of wetland birds were examined. Nine species of geophilic dermatophytes and 13 <em>Chrysosporium</em> species were recorded. <em>Ch. keratinophilum</em>, which together with its teleomorph (<em>Aphanoascus fulvescens</em>) represented 53% of the keratinolytic mycobiota of the nests, was the most frequently observed species. <em>Chrysosporium tropicum, Trichophyton terrestre</em> and <em>Microsporum gypseum</em> populations were less widespread. The distribution of individual populations was not uniform and depended on physical and chemical properties of the nests (humidity, pH).

scholarly journals Impact of Urbanization to an Island and the Continent: Species Turnover and Nestedness in Neotropical Bird Assemblages

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina A. Caula ◽  
Virginia Sanz D'Angelo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Urban Gradient ◽  
Building Density ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
Urban Matrix

Islands are well-known as particular and vulnerable ecosystems with evolutionary histories, environmental characteristics, and original communities different from those of continents. On the contrary, urban environments are recent, artificial, and structurally similar among distant regions. To assess the relative importance of regional and local processes on urban biota, we chose two urban environments, i.e., one on the mainland and another on an island in the same ecoregion. We asked whether the urbanization process affects the avian biodiversity of the ISLAND in the same way as in the continent. We defined an urban gradient with three levels of building density, namely, patches of native vegetation (remnant woodlands in the urban matrix), medium density urbanized areas that maintain vegetation along the streets and gardens, and residential areas with less vegetation cover and higher building density. In each geographical locality, we selected three sites (replicates) for each level of the urban gradient and did bird surveys. We found two times as many species in the urban landscape of the continent (69) as on the island (35), with the analogous richness decrease along the gradient in both regions. Species similarity was higher between urbanized sites of both regions compared with the similarity between woodlands and urbanized sites, showing that urban matrix filters similar species of each pool regionally. Individual species responded to urban structure in different ways. We found 32% of bird species were urban exploiters, 48% urban tolerant, and 20% urban avoiders in both regions. However, some species showed different frequencies of occurrence on the island and the continent. Species turnover contributed more than richness differences to species dissimilarity along the urban gradient on the continent. Contrarily, the nestedness component (i.e., species being a strict subset of the species at a richer site) was higher on the island. We concluded that the negative impact of highly urbanized areas on birds was stronger on the island than on the continent. Our results may help to assess the implications of beta-diversity loss, especially on islands.

scholarly journals Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-574
Author(s):  
Jitendra Kumar ◽  
Ranjana Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Human Hair ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Keratinophilic Fungi ◽  
Chicken Feather ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
Keratinous Waste ◽  
Degradation Activity ◽  
Waste Degradation ◽  
Chrysosporium Tropicum ◽  
Made In

Development in food industry increases consumption of chicken by people and it is estimated that tons of poultry feathers are produced by poultry farms. Hairs are other forms of keratinous waste which is generated in huge amounts by leather industries and parlours worldwide. Chicken feathers and hairs are waste contains high-quality protein, hard to degraded. Eleven nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soil by hair baiting method and were used to deteriorate hairs and feathers. Pictographic authentication showed that the microbial incidence started with surface colonization of keratinous substrate, mechanical interference of substrate by penetrating hyphae and development of broad perforating organs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of degraded and undegraded hair and the feather was made. In the sulphoxide region at 1073, the band corresponding to S-O was observed with low intensity and poorly visible in control feathers, while in degraded feather intensity of the band was high in case of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium tropicum. In Hairs, S-O band was more intense in C indicum as compared to C. tropicum while it was absent in undegraded human hair. The present work observed keratin degradation activity on human hair and chicken feather by FTIR spectra which are useful in the study of structure and mechanism of keratinolysis. Keratinous waste degradation has great potential to convert them into various byproducts such as enzymes, amino acids, biofertilizer and animal feed.  

On large-scale dynamics and community structure in forest birds: lessons from some eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 350 (1334) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Individual Bird ◽  
Southeastern Australia

Models of ecological communities, including coevolved patterns of resource use among sympatric species (for example, ‘resource partitioning’), are poor or inadequate representations of natural systems despite intense theoretical effort for many years. Some of these difficulties are due to a failure to recognize the necessary conditions for community patterns to develop, which are largely controlled by the dynamic characteristics of individual species. In continental bird communities — examples of which are considered here - these necessary conditions often will not be met owing to the mobility of most species. Here I document the degrees to which the large-scale dynamics (over hundreds of km) of individual bird species are expressed in community terms in five forest-habitat types throughout the year. These data demonstrate that continental bird communities are so dynamic that the conditions for the development of definite structure are unlikely to be met in either proximate or evolutionary time. The failure of community theories to account for and predict structure probably reflects too much concentration on mechanisms at inappropriate spatial scales.

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