Dietary Selection against Cottonseed Meal by Captive Northern Bobwhites

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Farthing ◽  
Thomas W. Schwertner ◽  
Heather A. Mathewson ◽  
Kimberly A. Guay
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Northern Bobwhites ◽  
Dietary Preference ◽  
Game Bird ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
Preference Study

Gossypol, a secondary plant compound found in cotton (Gossypium spp.), is known to be toxic to a variety of animals, particularly monogastric mammals and birds. Because ruminants are resistant to gossypol, whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal have been used as a feed supplement for many decades. Concerns over gossypol toxicity arise because of its presence in cottonseed products, particularly livestock and wildlife feed. The concentration of cottonseed in the environment near livestock and wildlife feeding stations presents the possibility that it may be ingested in significant amounts by non-target wild animals, resulting in inadvertent gossypol dosing. A species of significant economic and cultural value is the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). However, there are no published data regarding if Northern Bobwhites would consume cottonseed meal given the opportunity. We assessed selection for or against cottonseed meal by performing a dietary preference study. Birds (n =120) were given the choice between commercial game bird feed, scratch grains, and cottonseed meal containing 0.74% total gossypol. We measured feed consumption for five days. The birds’ diet consisted of 51.74% game bird feed, 37.72% scratch grains, and 10.54% cottonseed meal, and percentages varied significantly among all feed types (P≤0.001, n =360). We concluded that Northern Bobwhites selected against the cottonseed meal in favour of the game bird feed first and the scratch grains second. Our results suggest that given the choice, Northern Bobwhites will select against cottonseed meal if other feed choices are available.

Should immunocontraception be used for wildlife population management?

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
European Rabbits ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Self Antigens

Immunocontraception involves eliciting an immune response against eggs, sperm or hormones so that successful reproduction is prevented. Work in Australasia is aimed at European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), house mice (Mus musculus), common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), koalas (Phascolartcos cinereus) and kangaroos (Macropus spp.), with the vaccines involved all containing self antigens or their relatives. Two fundamental problems have been inadequately addressed in this research. The first problem is that it is difficult to obtain strong immune responses against self antigens and so the vaccines may be ineffective. Most published data on the effect of immunocontraceptives on reproduction involve the use of an adjuvant of which there are many kinds. The materials enhance the immune response greatly. The most frequently used is Freund?s adjuvant which can cause chronic suffering. Its use on wildlife will lead to very negative public perceptions. There has been no convincing demonstration that successful immunocontraception is possible with any method of vaccination likely to be used in the field, if success is defined as contraception of a proportion of the population high enough for management requirements. If it is assumed that success can be achieved, the second fundamental problem arises with two potential consequences. Even with adjuvant, a substantial minority of the vaccinated animals remains fertile. The first consequence is that since failure to be contracepted is likely to be in part genetic, there is likely to be rapid selection for these non-responders. The method will become ineffective in a few generations. The second problem is that the offspring of the animals which breed will have altered immune responses. Their capacities to respond to their own pathogens or to harbor pathogens of other species in the same ecosystem are likely to be changed. The presence of chlamydia in P. cinereus and bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand T. vulpecula means that responses to these pathogens would have to be studied in offspring of immunocontracepted parents to ensure that the offspring were not more susceptible to them. New Zealand intentions to put an immunocontraceptive into a T. vulpecula gut worm must be viewed with caution by Australia. The eggs of transgenic worms will be easily transplanted either accidentally or deliberately back into Australia, and so infect T. vulpecula in Australia.

scholarly journals Results of selection for breast muscle percentage and feed conversion ratio in Pekin ducks

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pingel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Selection For

Increasing breast muscle percentage by selection for breast layer thickness (muscle and skin) of living ducks by needle probe improves carcass quality as could be demonstrated by experiments and by applied breeding programs. In addition direct selection for individual feed conversion ratio can increase the efficiency of duck meat production. Divergent selection for feed conversion ratio from the age of 4 - 7 weeks over 11 generations has differentiated the feed efficiency by about 25 %. Causes for the reduction in feed conversion ratio are lower fat content of carcass, lower locomotor activity, higher enzymatic activity (alkaline phosphatase and creatinkinase in blood plasma) and better feed protein utilization. Because of lower feed consumption in the line selected for lower feed conversion ratio the emission of nitrogen and phosphorus via manure was reduced by about 39 and 26 %, respectively. That means, selection for better feed efficiency is not only an important economical but also an important ecological factor.

Cottonseed meal in broiler diets. 2. Considerations of some aspects of amino acid balance and gossypol level in cottonseed meal and cottonseed-meat meal starter diets

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (65) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Packham ◽  
CG Payne
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Cottonseed Protein ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Soyabean Meal

Three broiler starter experiments investigated the inclusion of cottonseed meal in diets based on grain sorghum. In the first, 35.5 per cent cottonseed meal inclusion in lieu of 28.5 per cent soyabean meal was studied. Additional 0.05 per cent ferrous sulphate, to counteract gossypol toxicity in the cottonseed diets, increased feed consumption by 4.3 per cent and improved liveweight gain by 2.2 per cent. Dietary leucine at 1.25 per cent tended to give better performance than either 1 .I 5 or 1.35 per cent. No differences in performance occurred with isoleucine levels of 0.54 - 0.74 per cent. On the better cottonseed diets growth rate equalled that on the soya controls, though feed conversion was inferior. In the second experiment meat meal protein replaced 0, 25 or 50 per cent of the cottonseed meal protein. Growth was optimal on the cottonseed meal diet with 1.35 - 1.45 per cent total dietary lysine. On the meat meal-cottonseed meal diets, lysine levels of between 1.10 - 1.45 gave no significant differences in growth rate or feed efficiency. Leucine supplementation in addition to lysine did not affect performance. Overall, the diets with one-half meat meal protein substitution for cottonseed meal protein resulted in significantly depressed growth. In the third experiment, half the cottonseed protein was replaced by either a 'normal' meat meal or a meat meal containing blood. The cottonseed meal-normal meat meal diet was shown to be equally deficient in leucine and isoleucine, whereas the cottonseed meal-meat meal with blood diet was deficient in isoleucine only. With adequate amino acid supplementation, the performance on these cottonseed meal-meat meal diets was not inferior to that of a control diet based on soyabean meal.

Rheology of Polymethylmethacrylate-Collagen Gel Filler: Physiochemical Properties and Clinical Applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Paul Lorenc ◽  
Brian Pilcher ◽  
Tina McArthur ◽  
Nimitt Patel
Keyword(s):  
Collagen Gel ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Clinical Considerations ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Temple

Abstract Background Soft tissue fillers are comprised of a range of materials with differing physiochemical and rheological (ie, flow) properties. These properties can inform treatment selection for specific anatomical areas, planes of injection, and clinical applications. Objective To characterize rheological properties of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-collagen gel for comparison with other available fillers. Methods Commercially available PMMA-collagen gel, hyaluronic acid (HA), and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) fillers were obtained from their respective manufacturers. Measures of complex viscosity (η*) and elastic modulus (G′) for each filler were collected at 0.7 Hz in triplicate using standard procedures on a rotational rheometer fitted with a 40-mm steel plate at 25°C on a Peltier plate (500-μm gap). Results The measured η* and G′ values for HA and CaHA fillers were in agreement with previously published data. The difference in η* between CaHA (358.9 Pa-s, SD=21.56) and PMMA-collagen gel (656.41 Pa-s, SD=68.03) was statistically significant (P<0.0001), as was the difference between the G′ of CaHA (1424.8 Pa, SD=83.3) and the G′ of PMMA-collagen gel (2815.27 Pa, SD=304.07; P<0.0001). Conclusions PMMA-collagen gel exhibited the highest η* and G′ of all tested fillers. These properties likely underpin an increased capacity for lifting and support in areas where long-lasting revolumization is appropriate. In practice, PMMA-collagen gel is well suited for treatment of acne scars, as well as injection into the supraperiosteal plane in the temple, chin, mandible, and piriform using a retrograde linear threading technique. Additional clinical considerations are discussed.

Application of Genomic and Proteomic Technologies in Biomarker Discovery

2012 ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elana J. Fertig ◽  
Robbert Slebos ◽  
Christine H. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
Genomics And Proteomics ◽  
Cancer Genomes ◽  
Classification Of Tumors ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Complex Genome

Overview: Sequencing of the human genome was completed in 2001. Building on the technology and experience of whole-exome sequencing, numerous cancer genomes have been sequenced, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in 2011. Although DNA sequencing data reveals a complex genome with numerous mutations, the biologic interaction and clinical significance of the overall genetic aberrations are largely unknown. Comprehensive analyses of the tumors using genomics and proteomics beyond sequencing data can potentially accelerate the rate and number of biomarker discoveries to improve biology-driven classification of tumors for prognosis and patient selection for a specific therapy. In this review, we will summarize the current genomic and proteomic technologies, general biomarker-discovery paradigms using the technology and published data in HNSCC—including potential clinical applications and limitations.

scholarly journals Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP): Surgery without Using a 3-Way Catheter

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. e3-e9
Author(s):  
Adam Jones ◽  
Syed Ali Ehsanullah ◽  
Amerdip Birring ◽  
Connor Gascoigne ◽  
Sid Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transurethral Resection ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Transurethral Resection Of Prostate ◽  
Transfusion Rate ◽  
Bladder Irrigation ◽  
Clot Retention ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Level Hospital

  Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) continues to be an effective intervention for certain indications; and this procedure is still one of the most commonly performed in urology. The use of a 3-way catheter with continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) post-TURP is widely practiced in a bid to prevent clot retention. We report our unique experience with the use of 2-way urethral catheters post-TURP surgery.   Methodology Data was prospectively collected for 143 consecutive patients who underwent a bipolar TURP between July 2015 and October 2017. The following outcomes where measured and compared against the literature: resection time, resected weight, haemoglobin level, hospital stay, catheterization days, transfusion rate and complications. Results Two-way 18-French catheters were used in 132/143 (91.7%) patients. The remaining 11/143 (8.3%) patients had a 3-way 22-French catheter and CBI immediately post-TURP. There were no incidences of clot retention requiring a return to theatre. There were 2/132 (1.5%) patients requiring transfusion who received 2-way catheterization. The average resection time was 44.8 (10-100) minutes, with a mean resected weight of 22.8 (2.0-70.0) grams. Post-operatively, we found minimal drop in haemoglobin levels, with a fall of 0.7 g/dL on average, with a range of 0.1-3.4 g/dL. Mean length of stay following TURP was 1.45 days (1-18), and 101/132 (76.5%) of patients had a successful trial without catheter on the first post-operative day. Conclusion Our outcomes compare favorably with the published data. This study suggests it may be possible to reduce the cost and resources associated with the use of 3-way catheters and CBI post-TURP surgery by using a 2-way catheter instead. Despite this, appropriate patient selection for this novel technique needs to be adopted. Our results would suggest that patients with smaller prostates or limited resections might be suitable for a 2-way urethral catheter post-TURP.

scholarly journals The Effects of Feeding Varying Amounts of Gossypol from Whole Cottonseed and Cottonseed Meal in Lactating Dairy Cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 2231-2239 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mena ◽  
J.E.P. Santos ◽  
J.T. Huber ◽  
J.M. Simas ◽  
M. Tarazon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Whole Cottonseed

Selection for residual feed consumption in the rabbit

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Larzul ◽  
Hubert de Rochambeau
Keyword(s):  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Breeding for milk and beef in cattle - designing an overall strategy

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-553
Author(s):  
Veijo Vilva ◽  
U. B. Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Selection For

A three-stage selection programme of dual purpose bulls was studied in order to assess the significance of the selection stages and the genetic gain to be expected. In accordance with previous studies the results showed that over 90 % of the economic gain comes from the milk traits. In addition the study showed that over 10 % of the gain is due to the increased feed conversion efficiency, mainly in milk production. The beef performance test of young bulls accounted for only 1—2 % of the total economic gain. Therefore the test stations setup for this purpose might be more efficiently utilised by concentrating on measurement of feed conversion. The study also indicated that direct selection for feed efficiency in milk production would give appreciably higher gain even if it were done on the basis of only 5 daughters/ bull. In practice this might be accomplished by measuring the feed consumption of a limited number of daughters per young bull, 4-5 months after calving for about one month or by collecting 200—300 individual mid-lactational feed consumption records for daughters of young bulls.

scholarly journals Using automated supplementation systems to meet growth targets for grazing sheep

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
P. M. Pepper ◽  
J. L. Winkleman ◽  
R. C. McPhie ◽  
M. R. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
The Relationship

Remote drafting technology now available for sheep allows targeted supplementation of individuals within a grazing flock. This paper reports results of three experiments. Experiment 1 examined the weight change of Merino wethers allowed access to either lupin grain or whole cottonseed 0, 1, 2 or 7 days/week for 6 weeks. Experiment 2 examined the weight change of Merino wethers allowed access to either lupins or a sorghum + cottonseed meal (CSM) supplement 0, 2, 4 or 7 days/week for 8 weeks. Experiment 3 investigated the relationship between five allocations of trough space at the supplement self-feeders (5–50 cm/sheep) and the weight change of Merino wethers allowed access to lupins 1 day/week for 8 weeks. In all experiments, the Merino wethers had free access as a single group to drinking water and low quality hay in a large group pen and were allowed access to supplement once per day on their scheduled days of access. No water was available in the areas containing supplement, but one-way flow gates allowed animals to return to the group pen in their own time. There was a linear response in growth rate to increased frequency of access to lupins in Experiments 1 and 2, with each additional day of access increasing liveweight gain by 26 and 21 g/day, respectively. Similarly, the response to the sorghum + CSM supplement was linear, although significantly lower (P < 0.05), at 12 g/day. Providing access to whole cottonseed resulted in no significant change in growth rate compared with the control animals. In Experiment 3, decreasing trough space from 50 to 5 cm/sheep had no effect on sheep liveweight change. It was concluded that the relationships developed here, for growth response to increased frequency of access to lupins or a sorghum + CSM supplement, could be used to indicate the most appropriate frequency of access to supplement, through a remote drafting unit, to achieve sheep weight change targets. Also, that a trough space of 5 cm/sheep appears adequate in this supplementation system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document