Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used in a wide variety of products, such as renewable energy resources, cosmetics, foods, packaging materials, and inks. However, large quantities of surfactants are used to prepare waterborne TiO2 nanoparticles with long-term dispersion stability, and very few studies have investigated the development of pure water dispersion technology without the use of surfactants and synthetic auxiliaries. This study investigated the use of focused ultrasound to prepare surfactant-free waterborne TiO2 nanoparticles to determine the optimal conditions for dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles in water. Under 395–400 kHz and 100–105 W conditions, 1 wt% TiO2 colloids were prepared. Even in the absence of a surfactant, in the water dispersion state, the nanoparticles were dispersed with a particle size distribution of ≤100 nm and did not re-agglomerate for up to 30 days, demonstrating their excellent dispersion stability.
On the connection of the fruit structure of Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Calophyllaceae) with the ecology of seashore plants and water dispersion
