Phänologische Trends bei den Waldbäumen in der Schweiz | Phenological trends regarding the forest trees in Switzerland

2005 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Defila
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Arrival ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
The Alps

Numerous publications are devoted to plant phenological trends of all trees, shrubs and herbs. In this work we focus on trees of the forest. We take into account the spring season (leaf and needle development) as well as the autumn (colour turning and shedding of leaves) for larch, spruce and beech, and,owing to the lack of further autumn phases, the horse chestnut. The proportion of significant trends is variable, depending on the phenological phase. The strongest trend to early arrival in spring was measured for needles of the larch for the period between 1951 and 2000 with over 20 days. The leaves of the horse chestnut show the earliest trend to turn colour in autumn. Beech leaves have also changed colour somewhat earlier over the past 50 years. The trend for shedding leaves, on the other hand, is slightly later. Regional differences were examined for the growth of needles in the larch where the weakest trends towards early growth are found in Canton Jura and the strongest on the southern side of the Alps. The warming of the climate strongly influences phenological arrival times. Trees in the forest react to this to in a similar way to other plants that have been observed (other trees, shrubs and herbs).

scholarly journals Huftiere und Verjüngung im Gebirgswald: eine Geschichte mit vielen Variablen und noch mehr Interaktionen | Ungulates and Tree Regeneration in Mountain Forests: an Issue with many Variables and even more Interactions

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Senn
Keyword(s):  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
The Past

After excessive cutting in Swiss mountain forests and extirpation of most of the wildlife during the past centuries, efficient forestry and hunting laws allowed a wide regeneration of the forests and a rapid increase of ungulate populations in the present century. As a consequence, the impacts of ungulates on the vegetation became obvious. Regeneration of forest trees, however, is influenced not only by ungulates, but by a number of physical site factors and biotic impacts. As these impacts and their interactions vary extensively, regeneration is neither spatially nor temporally constant. Most of the presently used tree-regeneration methods, however, assume constant conditions, which renders a proper evaluation of tree regeneration in mountain forests and the role of ungulates impossible. Furthermore, the effect of this variation on forest development and forest functions is unknown with regard to the long term. While society requires a multipurpose mountain forest, structured at a small scale, wild ungulates use their habitat at a larger scale. This often leads to conflicts. Consequently,solutions including different scales are necessary. A lack of knowledge will, therefore, have to be met by research making data available to the practice as well as through coordinated investigations and experiments.

Regional differences in the timing of recent air warming during the past four decades in China

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (19) ◽  
pp. 1968-1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
ShaoPeng Wang ◽  
ZhiHeng Wang ◽  
ShiLong Piao ◽  
JingYun Fang
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
The Past

The distribution and prehistory of Eucalypt diversicolor F. Muell., E. marginata Donn ex Sm., and E. calophylla R. Br. in relation to rainfall

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Churchill
Keyword(s):  
Relative Increase ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
The Past ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Substantial Change ◽  
Eucalyptus Diversicolor

Fossil pollen of Eucalyptus diversicolor, E. marginata, and E. calophylla has been identified in peat deposits from south-western Australia, where the species are prominent and economically important forest trees. The extant distribution of each species has been surveyed and the presence or absence of each, within and beyond the margins of their ranges, shows a close relationship with the mean rainfall of the wettest and driest months of the year. No such relationship was found with temperature data, and it is evident that the availability of water is a major factor influencing the distribution of these three species. Past changes in the relative eucalypt pollen frequencies have been dated by radiocarbon assay, and the dates appear to cluster around 3000,1200, and 500 B.C. and A.D. 400 and 1200. Charcoal is common in the peat and it is evident that fires have frequently occurred around the sites investigated, for at least the past 5000 years. Many of these fires have severely burnt and truncated the peat deposits. However, charcoal is not always present at levels of substantial change in the pollen frequencies, from which it is concluded that equilibrium between these forest eucalypts and fire has existed for at least the past 7000 years. Fossil evidence of the presence of prehistoric man in Australia predates the period under investigation, but the impact of man on the vegetation was probably limited to his use of fire. From what is known of the moisture requirements of the two species, it seems probable that a climate which favoured a relative increase of the E. diversicolor/E. Calophylla ratio would be much wetter than that which would favour a high E. calophylla/E. diversicolor ratio. This being the case, it is evident from the prehistoric changes in the ratios of these two species that the climate from at least 4000 until 3000 B.C. was wetter than at present, and thereafter it became increasingly dry (maximum dryness at c. 1200 B.C.) until about 500 B.C., when conditions once more became wetter and continued so until A.D. 500; after this a period of rapid drying out is evident until A.D. 1200-1500, when conditions became wetter up to the present day.

scholarly journals Introduction to the special issue “Climate of the past 2000 years: regional and trans-regional syntheses”

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-615
Author(s):  
Chris S. M. Turney ◽  
Helen V. McGregor ◽  
Pierre Francus ◽  
Nerilie Abram ◽  
Michael N. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global View ◽  
Past 2000 Years ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Observational Record

Abstract. This PAGES (Past Global Changes) 2k (climate of the past 2000 years working group) special issue of Climate of the Past brings together the latest understanding of regional change and impacts from PAGES 2k groups across a range of proxies and regions. The special issue has emerged from a need to determine the magnitude and rate of change of regional and global climate beyond the timescales accessible within the observational record. This knowledge also plays an important role in attribution studies and is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms and environmental and societal impacts of recent climate change. The scientific studies in the special issue reflect the urgent need to better understand regional differences from a truly global view around the PAGES themes of “Climate Variability, Modes and Mechanisms”, “Methods and Uncertainties”, and “Proxy and Model Understanding”.

A Contribution of the Asian Female Immigrants into the Canadian Population

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Michalowski
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Asian Immigrants ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Canadian Population ◽  
Female Immigrants ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Source Countries

In Canada, the proportion of women among immigrants fluctuates around 50 percent, with a slight increase in recent years. Another important characteristic of immigration to the country is a radical change in the composition of origin of flows in the past three decades — European-dominated streams have been replaced by those originating mostly in Asia. This paper focuses on female Asian immigrants in Canada. The exploratory analysis of this population points to its significant diversity. This diversity is determined to a great extent by regional differences, and more precisely, by Asian countries' specific situations which produce distinct migration flows destined to Canada. Major Asian source countries of female immigrants (Hong Kong, Philippines, India, China, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Lebanon and Iran) give evidence to the growing importance of political push factors and sending countries' policies-facilitation factors as crucial determinants of international migration.

Regional differences in winter sea level variations in the Baltic Sea for the past 200 yr

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Hünicke ◽  
Jürg Luterbacher ◽  
Andreas Pauling ◽  
Eduardo Zorita
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sea Level Variations ◽  
The Baltic

Italian Modernism, Social and Religious

1911 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-174
Author(s):  
William Frederic Badè
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Prolonged Stay ◽  
The Past ◽  
Italian Modernism ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Higher Temperature

During the past year a prolonged stay in Italy gave me occasion to visit most of the larger cities between Naples and the Alps, and supplied the opportunity of personal contact with many of the men who are now at the helm of Italian social, religious, and philosophical movements, while at the same time I was able to obtain first-hand acquaintance with the thoughts and desires of the Italian laborer. I soon became aware of the variety, intensity, and complexity of the issues which are now agitating Italian public life. It is true that Latin blood warms more rapidly, and reaches a higher temperature in controversy, than that of the Anglo-Saxon. But no superficial grievances are those over which conflict now rages; both in politics and in religion the contending parties feel that the joust of the tournament-field has become a battle for existence.

scholarly journals Understanding social enterprise country models: Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Fisac ◽  
Ana Moreno-Romero
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Current Model ◽  
National Level ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the historical institutional context of Spain in the past 40 years and to analyze the influence of institutional factors in the current model of social enterprise existing in the country. Design/methodology/approach – This study draws on the theory of historical institutionalism, national-level empirical data and Kerlin conceptual framework (2013) that informs models of social enterprise. Findings – This paper describe some traits of Spain’s social enterprise that can be explained by the evolution of its institutional context in the past 40 years. It helps to validate, from a historical institutionalistic perspective, aspects of the Kerlin framework for social enterprise models. It also begins to show that the analysis of regional differences in the context should be taken into consideration when examining a country’s social enterprise space. Research limitations/implications – This discussion paper encourages academics to analyze regional differences in the emergence of social enterprise within a country. The main limitation of the paper is the lack of an “official” definition of social enterprise in Spain. Originality/value – This paper applies a valuable framework to a country with a unique political and economic history in the past 40 years. It contributes to enrich the research on the emergence and development of social enterprises in a variety of contexts and advances understanding of how regional differences inside a country influence the development of social enterprises.

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