scholarly journals Organic matter content and quality in supraglacial debris across the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (56) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Stibal ◽  
Emily C. Lawson ◽  
Grzegorz P. Lis ◽  
Ka Man Mak ◽  
Jemma L. Wadham ◽  
...  

AbstractQuantifying the biogeochemical cycling of carbon in glacial ecosystems is of great significance for regional, and potentially global, carbon flow estimations. The concentration and quality of organic carbon (OC) is an important indicator of biogeochemical and physical processes that prevail in an ice-sheet ecosystem. Here we determine the content and quality of OC in debris from the surface of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) using microscopic, chromatographic, spectrophotometric and high-temperature combustion techniques. The total OC content in the debris increased with distance from the edge of the ice sheet, from virtually zero to >6% dry weight at 50 km inland, and there was a peak in the carbohydrate proportion and the microbial abundance at ∼6km inland. The highest (galactose + mannose)/(arabinose + xylose) ratios, indicating maximum autochthonous microbial production, were found at >10km inland. We propose that three key processes influence the carbon cycling on the GrIS: aeolian input of microbial inoculum and nutrients, in situ biological C transformation and the wash-away of supraglacial debris by meltwaters. We show that all these processes have significant spatial variability. While the total OC content of the debris on the ice sheet is probably controlled by the physical processes of wind transport and wash-away by meltwater, the microbial abundance and the quantity of the labile cell-contained OC within the debris is likely to be driven by the balance between the wash-away and the microbial productivity.

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Е.В. Янченко

Цель исследований – дать оценку сохраняемости и болезнеустойчивости современных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой и определить корреляционные зависимости влияния биохимических показателей качества на сохраняемость и степень поражения моркови столовой различными видами болезней в процессе хранения. Исследования проводились в 2011–2016 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО по общепринятым методикам. В биохимической лаборатории отдела земледелия и агрохимии содержание сухого вещества определяли высушиванием до абсолютно сухого веса, общего сахара – по Бертрану, аскорбиновой кислоты – по Мурри, нитраты – ионоселективным методом. При характеристике моркови столовой важнейший показатель, определяющий его качество – количество сухого вещества и сахаров. В процессе хранения были выявлены следующие болезни моркови: серая гниль (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), белая гниль (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)), белая парша (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), альтернариоз (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). В большей степени сортообразцы моркови столовой поражались серой гнилью. Лучшими по сохраняемости сортообразцами были Корсар (94,6%), F1Берлин (94,5%), Берликум Роял (94,1%) и F1 Звезда (94%). Сохраняемость у зарубежных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой была немного выше, чем у отечественных (на 0,4%) как за счет меньшей величины убыли массы (6,3% против 6,4%), так и потерь от болезней (1,6% против 1,9%). Сохраняемость корнеплодов моркови находится в прямой корреляционной зависимости от содержания сухого вещества (r=+0,41), каротиноидов (r=+0,39), моносахаров (r­=+0,30) и суммы сахаров (r=+0,27). Проявление серой гнили находится в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества и каротиноидов (r=-0,37 и r=-0,35 соответственно), белой парши – в прямой корреляции с содержанием сухого вещества , моносахаров и дисахаров (r= +0,21; r= +0,39; r= -0,41 соответственно), белой гнили в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества, моносахаров и дисахаров. The purpose of the research is to assess the persistence and disease resistance of modern varieties and hybrids of carrots and to determine the correlation between the influence of biochemical quality indicators on the persistence and degree of damage to carrots by various types of diseases during storage. The research was conducted in 2011–2016 at ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSVC, according to generally accepted methods. In the biochemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry, the dry matter content was determined by drying to absolutely dry weight, total sugar – by Bertran, ascorbic acid – by Murri, nitrates – by the ion-selective method. When describing carrots, the most important indicator that determines its quality is the amount of dry matter and sugars. During storage, the following diseases of carrots were detected: gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), white scab (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), alternariasis (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). To a greater extent, varieties of table carrots were affected by gray rot. The best preserved varieties were Corsar (94.6%), F1 Berlin (94.5%), Berlicum Royal (94.1%) and F1 Zvezda (94%). The persistence of foreign varieties and hybrids of table carrots was slightly higher than that of domestic ones by 0.4%. both due to a smaller amount of weight loss (6.3% vs. 6.4%) and losses from diseases (1.6% vs. 1.9%). The persistence of carrot root crops is directly correlated with the content of dry matter (r=+0.41), carotenoids (r=+0.39), monosaccharides (r=+0.30) and the amount of sugars (r=+0.27). The manifestation of gray rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter and carotenoids (r=-0.37 and r=-0.35, respectively), white scab is in direct correlation with the content of dry matter (r= +0.21; r= +0.39; r= –0.41, respectively), white rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter, monosaccharides and disaccharides.


2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
M T Morera ◽  
J. Echeverría ◽  
J. Garrido

The recycling of sewage sludge to agricultural land results in the slow accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn applied to soils in urban anaerobically stabilized sewage sludge. The soils were Lithic Haplumbrept (Lh), Calcixerollic Xerochrept (Cx1 and Cx2) and Paralithic Xerorthent (Px). Sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L) were grown in the soils following amendment with the sludge. The addition of sewage sludge markedly increased the average dry weight of the plants in the soils that had lower yields without sludge addition (Lh, Cx2, and Px). The acid pH of the Lh soil favoured the bioavailability of Zn from sewage sludge. The bioavailability of Cu was greater in the alkaline soils than in the acidic soil (Lh), which can be attributed to the high organic matter content of the Lh soil which complexes Cu and impairs its uptake by the plants. The concentration of metals in the plants increased with the sewage sludge dose. The effect of the soil type on the metal concentration in plants was greater that the effect of the dose. Key words: Soils, sewage sludge, heavy metals, bioavailability, sunflower


2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusmadi Yusmadi ◽  
Nahrowi Nahrowi ◽  
Muhammad Ridla

The quality and palatibility of silage and hay complete ration based on organic primer garbage in peranakan etawah (PE) poadABSTRACT. This research was conducted to study the quality and palatability of silage and hay complete ration based on organic primer garbage in nine heads of Peranakan Etawah (PE) Goat. The quality of silage and hay was evaluated By measuring pH, total number of lactic acid Bacteria (LAB), palatability, dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) aroma and color of silage. Nine heads of peranakan etawah were grouped based on their lactation periode and randomly assigned to one of tree dietary treatments. The treatments were (1) Control rations; (2) silage complete ration (SRK); and (3) Hay complete ration (HRK). The results indicated that the silage had PH 4.15 and total number of LAB was 2.4 x 10 cfu/g of silage. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of SRK were better than those of HRK. The palatability of SRK was higher than HRK but less than control. Storage of SRK for did not change dry matter and organic matter content. Organoleptic analysis indicated that texture and color of HRK were changed at after storage, while SRK was still constant. It is concluded that silage composed of organic primer garbage has high quality in terms of physical, chemical and microbial characteristics, prolong storage.


2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-415
Author(s):  
C.R. Schneider ◽  
M.A. Zambom ◽  
D. Galhardo ◽  
A. Faccenda ◽  
A.S. Avila ◽  
...  

This study evaluated silages made with varying proportions of viticulture by-products (VC) and starch extraction from cassava (CSE). It attempted to determine the effects of these proportions on the microbial population, fermentative losses, and chemical composition. The treatments were specified as the proportions of VC in the silage (0 g/kg, 250 g/kg, 500 g/kg, 750 g/kg, and 1000 g/kg). Silages were  evaluated before (0) and after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of ensiling. The experimental design was completely randomized with five  treatments, six storage times and four replications. The increased level of VC in the silage enhanced its dry matter content, ammonia  nitrogen (NH3-N), and buffering capacity, and reduced organic matter content. Fifteen days after ensiling, additional VC increased the concentration of soluble carbohydrates. The increased level of VC decreased the count of Clostridium spp. and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The incidence of yeasts and enterobacteria was low in all treatments at all time points. Over time, losses as effluent and gases increased. Use of increasing proportions from VC in silage made with CSE increased the contents of dry matter and soluble carbohydrates and  reduced the fermentative losses of the silage. The increased amount of VC also favoured pH reduction and reduced the proliferation of undesirable yeasts, while increasing the population of LAB.


2020 ◽  
pp. 477-480
Author(s):  
Mykola KUCHERENKO ◽  
Boris NASIBULLIN ◽  
Elena BOBRO ◽  
Nataliia BADIUK ◽  
Victoria GLUSHCHENKO ◽  
...  

In the experiment on the white Wistar rats, the authors evaluated kidneys changes in urolithiasis modelling (Kidney stone disease, KSD) and the possibility of correcting these changes by internal use of the mineral water (MW) with high organic matter content. The results of the studies revealed structural pathological changes in the kidneys in the form of changes of the part of glomeruli capillaries and gross changes in the kidneys tubules and interstitial layers. At the same time, the functional kidneys activity is manifested in the form of increased urination and a significant increase in urination. Urine metabolic characteristics are also change. The use of MW leads to an improvement in the capillaries of the renal corpuscles structure and almost complete restoration of the tubules structure. The functional activity of the kidneys and the quality of urine have significantly improving. The authors believe that the organic compounds of MW, which mainly determine its biological activity, contribute to the improvement of the regulation of metabolic processes and, accordingly, have a positive effect on the structural and functional parameters of the kidneys.. Keywords: urolithiasis, structural and functional characteristics of the kidneys, mineral water,


2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1478-1489
Author(s):  
Jiamei Wang ◽  
Yumeng Yan ◽  
Jing Bai ◽  
Xiaosi Su

Abstract The upper part of riverbed sediment is one of the key interfaces between surface water and groundwater, and biogeochemical process in this interface has a profound influence on the chemistry of infiltrated water. The lithology and permeability of bed sediment is mainly controlled by variation in river hydrodynamic conditions. However, there have been few studies of the effect of riverbed siltation on the hydrochemistry and redox reactions of infiltrated water due to the high variability in these processes and challenges associated with sampling. This study selected and examined a river channel near a site of riverbank filtration by drilling on the floating platform and conducting microelectrode testing and high-resolution sampling. The hydrodynamic and chemical characteristics of pore water in and lithologic characteristics of riverbed sediment, the siltation, and redox zone were examined and compared. Differences in hydrodynamic conditions changed the lithology of riverbed sediment, consequently affecting redox reactions during the process of river water infiltration. Variations in siltation changed the residence time of pore water and organic matter content, which ultimately resulted in differences in extension range and intensity of redox reactions. This study provides a valuable reference for understanding the effect of riverbed siltation on water quality of riverbank infiltration.


2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kowalczewska-Madura ◽  
Renata Dondajewska ◽  
Ryszard Gołdyn

Total phosphorus and organic matter content in bottom sediments of lake under restoration measures with iron treatmentRusałka Lake is a shallow, man-made, strongly eutrophicated reservoir, being a place of recreational activities for Poznan citizens. Restoration measures with the use of iron sulphate were conducted in years 2006-2007. Phosphorus and organic matter concentrations in lake sediments were analyzed in years 2005-2007 at two research stations (profundal and littoral) to determine its changes under the influence of restoration. Greater phosphorus concentrations were noted in profundal (max 1.55 mg P g-1dry weight (DW)) than in littoral (max 0.98 mg P g-1DW). An increase of P amount in sediment was observed after iron treatment. Among phosphorus fractions Res-P dominated, i.e. phosphorus biologically unavailable for organisms. Organic matter content reached 23.1% in profundal, while 14.8% in littoral. Its amount decreased in following years.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Wahl ◽  
Hans Christian Steen-Larsen ◽  
Alexandra Zuhr ◽  
Joachim Reuder

<p>Water isotopologues offers a direct constraint on the physical processes controlling surface fluxes.  A novel method is presented which enables in-situ measurements of the water vapour isotope flux between the snow surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet and the atmosphere.</p><p>These observations have become possible by combining a cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy analyzer with high frequency latent heat flux eddy-covariance measurements.</p><p>This new method reveals an isotope flux driven by the diurnal cycle.<br>Water isotopes can thus act as a natural tracer giving information of the physical processes such as the influence of turbulent fluxes in the water cycle. This allows the assessment of sublimation and deposition processes in the low accumulation zone of the interior Greenland Ice Sheet.<br>Therefore, we can provide a strategy to benchmark the parameterizations of surface mass balance and surface fluxes in regional climate models.</p>


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adão Batista de Araújo ◽  
Patrícia Carneiro Souto ◽  
Jacob Silva Souto ◽  
Fabio Junho Alves da Silva ◽  
Francisco de Assis Pereira Leonardo ◽  
...  

Deposition of plant litter in the environment represents the entrance into the system, with reflection on soil organic matter content and environmental quality of the site. The objective of this study was to estimate the deposition, accumulation and decomposition of plant litter in preserved Caatinga vegetation, and the interference of climatic variability in the dynamics of these events. This research was developed in the Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN), Tamanduá Farm, in the municipality of Santa Terezinha-PB, in a Caatinga area. Plant litter deposited in 20 twenty 1.0 m² litterfall traps of 1.0 m × 1.0 m was collected monthly (June/2014 to July/2015), covering the dry and rainy period of the region. The material was separated into leaves, branches + bark, reproductive material and miscellaneous material. Litter stock accumulated on the forest floor was quantified using a 0.5 m × 0.5 m metal frame to estimate decomposition rate of litter. We found that that leaves fraction obtained the highest deposition average in July 2014 with 395.80 kg ha-1 and the lowest in February/2015 with 9.5 kg ha-1. We concluded that that litter production obtained during the evaluation period was 2.2 mg ha-1, being the highest contribution of litter at the end of the rainy season of the region.


2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Fidanza ◽  
David L. Sanford ◽  
David M. Beyer ◽  
David J. Aurentz

Fresh mushroom compost is a byproduct of the edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) industry and represents the composted growing substrate that remains after a crop has been harvested to completion. Thirty samples were obtained from commercial mushroom farms in southeastern Pennsylvania and sent to a laboratory for analysis to determine plant nutrient content, bulk density, and particle size distribution of fresh mushroom compost. Fresh mushroom compost had an average pH of 6.6, with an average carbon:nitrogen ratio of 13:1. Organic matter content averaged 25.86% (wet weight), 146.73 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 60.97% (dry weight). For the primary macronutrients, average total nitrogen content averaged 1.12% (wet weight), 6.40 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 2.65% (dry weight), phosphorus measured 0.29% (wet weight), 1.67 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 0.69% (dry weight), and potassium was 1.04% (wet weight), 5.89 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 2.44% (dry weight). Average soluble salt content was 13.30 mmho/cm (wet weight basis). However, on a per acre basis, the calculated sodium absorption ratio of 0.38 was considered very low. The average bulk density of fresh mushroom compost was 574.73 lb/yard3 (wet volume basis), and 91% of the material measured ≤3/8 inch in diameter as determined on a wet weight basis. Overall, fresh mushroom compost is suitable as a natural organic fertilizer and soil amendment for agriculture and horticulture.


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