scholarly journals Effects of Solar Radiation on the Formation of Weak Wet Snow

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wet Snow

Laboratory and field experiments on hardness of snow have shown that the free water contained in snow decreases its hardness, and that solar radiation further decreases hardness down to a value below the limit of that which would result only from the influence of the water content of snow. A quantitative relationship between the amount of solar radiation absorbed by snow and decrease in snow hardness was derived. Thin-section analyses of snow were used to reveal the mechanism of decrease in snow hardness which had been caused by solar radiation.

scholarly journals Effects of Solar Radiation on the Formation of Weak Wet Snow

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wet Snow

Laboratory and field experiments on hardness of snow have shown that the free water contained in snow decreases its hardness, and that solar radiation further decreases hardness down to a value below the limit of that which would result only from the influence of the water content of snow. A quantitative relationship between the amount of solar radiation absorbed by snow and decrease in snow hardness was derived. Thin-section analyses of snow were used to reveal the mechanism of decrease in snow hardness which had been caused by solar radiation.

Characterization of thin water layers in pulp by tritium exchange. Part 1: Methods development

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances L. Walsh ◽  
Sujit Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
A Value ◽  
A New Technique

Abstract A new technique for measuring the monolayer water content of fiber is presented. Tritiated water is added to a pulp/water suspension, whereupon the tritium partitions between the bulk water and the pulp. In the pulp phase the tritium can exchange with free water, bound water, and with hydroxyl and other protons present in the pulp matrix. The free water in the pulp is then removed by displacement with acetone. The tritium remaining in the pulp is mostly associated with tightly bound water, with a small fraction being tied up with the exchangeable hydrogen in pulp. The procedure provides a value of 10% for the tightly bound water content of hardwood or softwood fiber, either bleached or unbleached. If this water is assumed to cover the fiber surface as a monolayer, then an estimate of the wet surface area of the fiber can be obtained. This estimate compares well with independent measurements of surface area.

scholarly journals A Calorimeter for Measuring Free Water Content of Wet Snow

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 246-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eizi Akitaya
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Free Water ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Snow Sample ◽  
Free Water Content ◽  
Wet Snow

A new calorimeter was designed for measuring the free water content of wet snow, aiming at simplicity in mechanism and handling as well as high accuracy and speed in measurements. The mass of hot water to melt the sample and the mass of the mixture (snow sample and hot water) are measurable indoors with sufficient accuracy; therefore, in the field we need only two measurements of temperature (T and T ); this calorimeter reduces the time of measurement of one snow sample to four or five minutes. Using artificially made wet snow, having a known value of free water content, 121 tests were conducted. Standard deviation of the error was 0.82%

Snow Wetness Influence on Impulse Radar Snow Surveys Theoretical and Laboratory Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lundberg ◽  
H. Thunehed
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Snow Water

The snow-water equivalent of late-winter snowpack is of utmost importance for hydropower production in areas where a large proportion of the reservoir water emanates from snowmelt. Impulse radar can be used to estimate the snow-water equivalent of the snowpack and thus the expected snowmelt discharge. Impulse radar is now in operational use in some Scandinavian basins. With radar technology the radar wave propagation time in the snowpack is converted into snow-water equivalent with help of a parameter usually termed the a-value. Use of radar technology during late winter brings about risk for measurements on wet snow. The a-value for dry snow cannot be used directly for wet snow. We have found that a liquid-water content of 5% (by volume) reduces the a-value by approximately 20%. In this paper an equation, based on snow density and snow liquid water content, for calculation of wet-snow a-value is presented.

scholarly journals A Calorimeter for Measuring Free Water Content of Wet Snow

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 246-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eizi Akitaya
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Free Water ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Snow Sample ◽  
Free Water Content ◽  
Wet Snow

A new calorimeter was designed for measuring the free water content of wet snow, aiming at simplicity in mechanism and handling as well as high accuracy and speed in measurements. The mass of hot water to melt the sample and the mass of the mixture (snow sample and hot water) are measurable indoors with sufficient accuracy; therefore, in the field we need only two measurements of temperature (T and T ); this calorimeter reduces the time of measurement of one snow sample to four or five minutes. Using artificially made wet snow, having a known value of free water content, 121 tests were conducted. Standard deviation of the error was 0.82%

scholarly journals Solar Climate Features Taking into Account the Morphometric Conditions of the Area and the Possibility of Using Them in Heliotherapy on the Example of the Cieplice and Kołobrzeg Health Resorts (Poland)

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Dawid Szatten ◽  
Mirosław Więcław
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Entropy Model ◽  
Health Treatment ◽  
Health Resorts

Global solar radiation is an important atmospheric stimulus affecting the human body and has been used in heliotherapy for years. In addition to environmental factors, the effectiveness of global solar radiation is increasingly influenced by human activity. This research was based on the use of heliographic and actinometric data (1996–2015) and the model distribution of global solar radiation to determine the possibility of heliotherapy with the example of two health resorts: Cieplice and Kołobrzeg (Poland). The solar features of health resorts (sunshine duration and global solar radiation) were characterized, and they were correlated with the spatial distribution of global solar radiation data obtained with the use of remote sensing techniques (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyzes-SAGA), including COoRdination and INformation on the Environment (CORINE) land cover (CLC) data. Using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt), a qualitative and quantitative relationship between morphometric parameters and solar climate features was demonstrated for individual land cover types. Studies have shown that the period of late spring and summer, due to the climate’s solar features, is advisable for the use of heliotherapy. The human activity that determines the land cover is the main element influencing the spatial differentiation of the possibilities of using this form of health treatment. It also affects topographic indicators shown as significant in the MaxEnt predictive model. In general, areas with high openness were shown as predisposed for health treatment using global solar radiation, which is not consistent with areas commonly used for heliotherapy. The conducted research has shown the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the issue of heliotherapy, which will contribute to the optimization of the use of this form of health treatment from the perspective of climate change and human pressure.

scholarly journals COR/LEA Proteins as Indicators of Frost Tolerance in Triticeae: A Comparison of Controlled versus Field Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Klára Kosová ◽  
Miroslav Klíma ◽  
Ilja Tom Prášil ◽  
Pavel Vítámvás
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Late Embryogenesis Abundant ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Lea Proteins ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement

Low temperatures in the autumn induce enhanced expression/relative accumulation of several cold-inducible transcripts/proteins with protective functions from Late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) superfamily including dehydrins. Several studies dealing with plants grown under controlled conditions revealed a correlation (significant quantitative relationship) between dehydrin transcript/protein relative accumulation and plant frost tolerance. However, to apply these results in breeding, field experiments are necessary. The aim of the review is to provide a summary of the studies dealing with the relationships between plant acquired frost tolerance and COR/LEA transcripts/proteins relative accumulation in cereals grown in controlled and field conditions. The impacts of cold acclimation and vernalisation processes on the ability of winter-type Triticeae to accumulate COR/LEA proteins are discussed. The factors determining dehydrin relative accumulation under controlled cold acclimation treatments versus field trials during winter seasons are discussed. In conclusion, it can be stated that dehydrins could be used as suitable indicators of winter survival in field-grown winter cereals but only in plant prior to the fulfilment of vernalisation requirement.

Contrasting yield formation characteristics in two super-rice hybrids that differ in growth duration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Huang ◽  
Zui Tao ◽  
Tao Lei ◽  
Fangbo Cao ◽  
Jiana Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rice Hybrid ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Formation

Summary The development of high-yielding, short-duration super-rice hybrids is important for ensuring food security in China where multiple cropping is widely practiced and large-scale farming has gradually emerged. In this study, field experiments were conducted over 3 years to identify the yield formation characteristics in the shorter-duration (∼120 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Guiliangyou 2’ (G2) by comparing it with the longer-duration (∼130 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Y-liangyou 1’ (Y1). The results showed that G2 had a shorter pre-heading growth duration and consequently a shorter total growth duration compared to Y1. Compared to Y1, G2 had lower total biomass production that resulted from lower daily solar radiation, apparent radiation use efficiency (RUE), crop growth rate (CGR), and biomass production during the pre-heading period, but the grain yield was not significantly lower than that of Y1 because it was compensated for by the higher harvest index that resulted from slower leaf senescence (i.e., slower decline in leaf area index during the post-heading period) and higher RUE, CGR, and biomass production during the post-heading period. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to reduce the dependence of yield formation on growth duration to a certain extent in rice by increasing the use efficiency of solar radiation through crop improvement and also highlight the need for a greater fundamental understanding of the physiological processes involved in the higher use efficiency of solar radiation in super-rice hybrids.

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