scholarly journals Evaluation of legumes and poultry manure for the early protection of burnt soils .

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafín González Prieto ◽  
Tarsy Carballas ◽  
Arturo Castro
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Lupinus Polyphyllus ◽  
N Status ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

Organic amendments combined with the sowing of gramineous grasses are effective for the early protection of burnt soils (BS) but cannot restore soil N status to pre-fire level; this has led to interest in combining their use with N<sub>2</sub> fixer legumes. The effectiveness of applying poultry manure (PM; 2 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and sowing legumes (<em>Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus polyphyllus </em>and <em>Trifolium repens</em>) for the early protection of BS was compared with that of applying PM + <em>Lolium perenne</em> and growing these four species without PM in a 3-month pot experiment, which also included a control consisting of an unburnt soil (US). In US, the shoot and root biomass increased as follows: <em>Trifolium </em>~<em> Lotus </em>&lt;&lt; <em>Lolium </em>&lt; <em>Lupinus.</em> Compared with those grown in US, plants grown in BS were smaller and weaker in three species (<em>Lupinus, Lolium</em> and <em>Trifolium</em>). The reverse was true for the four species grown in BS+PM, which showed the benefits of PM addition. In all the treatments, plant N uptake, which prevents soil-N losses, increased as follows: <em>Trifolium </em>~ <em>Lotus</em> &lt; <em>Lupinus </em>&lt; <em>Lolium.</em> The lack of nodules observed suggested that none of the legumes fixed atmospheric-N<sub>2</sub>.

scholarly journals Development of an Online Tool for Tracking Soil Nitrogen to Improve the Environmental Performance of Maize Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5649
Author(s):  
Giovani Preza-Fontes ◽  
Junming Wang ◽  
Muhammad Umar ◽  
Meilan Qi ◽  
Kamaljit Banger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Soil N Availability

Freshwater nitrogen (N) pollution is a significant sustainability concern in agriculture. In the U.S. Midwest, large precipitation events during winter and spring are a major driver of N losses. Uncertainty about the fate of applied N early in the growing season can prompt farmers to make additional N applications, increasing the risk of environmental N losses. New tools are needed to provide real-time estimates of soil inorganic N status for corn (Zea mays L.) production, especially considering projected increases in precipitation and N losses due to climate change. In this study, we describe the initial stages of developing an online tool for tracking soil N, which included, (i) implementing a network of field trials to monitor changes in soil N concentration during the winter and early growing season, (ii) calibrating and validating a process-based model for soil and crop N cycling, and (iii) developing a user-friendly and publicly available online decision support tool that could potentially assist N fertilizer management. The online tool can estimate real-time soil N availability by simulating corn growth, crop N uptake, soil organic matter mineralization, and N losses from assimilated soil data (from USDA gSSURGO soil database), hourly weather data (from National Weather Service Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis), and user-entered crop management information that is readily available for farmers. The assimilated data have a resolution of 2.5 km. Given limitations in prediction accuracy, however, we acknowledge that further work is needed to improve model performance, which is also critical for enabling adoption by potential users, such as agricultural producers, fertilizer industry, and researchers. We discuss the strengths and limitations of attempting to provide rapid and cost-effective estimates of soil N availability to support in-season N management decisions, specifically related to the need for supplemental N application. If barriers to adoption are overcome to facilitate broader use by farmers, such tools could balance the need for ensuring sufficient soil N supply while decreasing the risk of N losses, and helping increase N use efficiency, reduce pollution, and increase profits.

scholarly journals Soil amendments with farm yard manure and poultry manure confer tolerance to salt stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
Md Zulfiker Alam ◽  
Debasish Kumar Das ◽  
Md Abul Hashem ◽  
Md Anamul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Farm Yard Manure ◽  
Rice Varieties

Salinity causes unfavorable environment that restricts normal crop production. Organic amendments could contribute to the improvement of crop production in coastal areas. Two rice varieties viz. BRRI dhan29 (salt-sensitive) and Binadhan-8 (salt-tolerant) were grown in replicated pots to investigate the mitigation potential of salt stress in rice by organic amendments. Two doses of farm yard manure (FYM: 5 and 10 t ha-1) and poultry manure (PM: 4 and 8 t ha-1) were mixed with soils before transplanting. Rice plants were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl (25 and 50 mM) at active tillering stage. Salt stress caused a significant reduction in growth and yield of both rice varieties. Salt stress also decreased reproductive growth, chlorophyll contents, K+/Na+ ratio, nutrient contents and nutrient uptake in both rice varieties. Salinity caused a significant increase in intracellular proline content in BRRI dhan29 but a decrease in Binadhan-8. Organic amendments with FYM and PM resulted in an increase in growth and yield components, chlorophyll content, K+/Na+ ratio and nitrogen (N) uptake. No plants of BRRI dhan29 survived at 50 mM NaCl stress even after addition of FYM and PM. On the other hand, Binadhan-8 conferred tolerance to 50 mM NaCl stress when soils were amended with organic sources, suggesting that cultivation of Binadhan-8 might be profitable in saline affected areas with organic amendments. The present study suggests that organic amendments with FYM and PM confer tolerance to salinity in rice by increasing chlorophyll content, K+/Na+ ratio and N uptake.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(3): 379-386, December 2016

COMPARAISON DE DIFFÉRENTES MÉTHODES D'ANALYSE DE L'AZOTE DU SOL EN RELATION AVEC SA DISPONIBILITÉ POUR LES PLANTES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. GIROUX ◽  
T. SEN TRAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Concentration

The objective of this study was to compare several methods of estimating the availability of soil nitrogen to plants. Total soil N, organic matter content, mineralized N during a 2 wk incubation at 35 °C, organic N in 6 N HC1, 0.01 M NaHCO3 and 1 N KCl extracts, and finally mineral N extracted by 2 N KCl were evaluated and contrasted with N uptake by sugar beets cultivated on 19 soils in a greenhouse experiment. The relative yield or plant N uptake gave the highest correlation coefficients when both mineral and organic N fractions in soil extract were considered. The incubation methods gave the best correlation coefficient with relative yield (R2 = 0.85**). N contents in NaHCO3 extract were more correlated with relative yield or N uptake than total N, organic matter contents or N extracted by 6 N HCl or 1 N KCl. The UV absorbance values obtained at 205 nm with 0.01 M NaHCO3 extract were also well correlated with relative yield (R2 = 0.78**) and plant N uptake (R2 = 0.66**). At this wavelength, as well as at 220 nm, the absorbance was affected by mineral and organic N contents in the extract. However, at 260 nm, the UV absorbance was only related to organic N in the extract; consequently these absorbance values were less correlated with relative yield (R2 = 0.49**) or N uptake (R2 = 0.27*). Furthermore, the absorbance measured at 205 nm was too sensitive to NO3-N and organic N concentration and this relationship was not linear in the high-N concentration range. The UV absorbance at 220 nm in the 0.01M NaHCO3 extract seemed to be a promising method to evaluate the availability of soil N. Key words: Soil nitrogen, incubation, ultraviolet absorbance, hydrolyzable nitrogen

Effects of long-term annual inputs of straw and organic manure on plant N uptake and soil N fluxes

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Luxhøi ◽  
L. Elsgaard ◽  
I. K. Thomsen ◽  
L. S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
N Fluxes

The Regulation of N Uptake at the Whole-plant Level in Tree Crops

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 556d-556
Author(s):  
Farbod Youssefi ◽  
Patrick H. Brown ◽  
Steve A. Weinbaum
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Soil N Uptake ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
N Demand ◽  
N Status

Coordinating fertilization practices with tree N uptake is important for reduction of groundwater contamination with nitrate. To reach this goal, the regulation of nitrogen uptake at the whole-plant level must be further understood. A theory that has been proposed on this subject is that a pool of amino-N, whose size is determined by above-ground N demand, cycles in the plant and regulates soil N uptake by exerting an inhibitory effect at the root level. Several experiments were carried out to study this hypothesis in fruit trees. First, foliar applications of N were made in almond trees, which led to the observation that soil N uptake was reduced in treated trees. In these trees, foliar-applied N was present in the roots when uptake was reduced; further, amino-N content of leaf and bark phloem sap was increased after several hours in the treated tree. In another experiment, amino-N content of phloem and xylem sap of almond trees of varying N status was determined. Several trees under each N status were given a pulse of abundant N fertilizer, so that their N uptake would be compared. Trees of higher N status, with greater amounts of amino-N cycling in their sap, did not take up more N than equivalent control plants, whereas lower N status trees did. To complete this series of experiments, it was observed that fruit-bearing shoots in walnut trees exported smaller proportions of foliar-applied N than non-bearing shoots, indicating that above-ground N demand may regulate the pool of N that moves down in the plant. These results and the principles that regulate N uptake will be discussed.

Optimizing combining green manures and pelletized manure for organic spring wheat production

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Z. Alam ◽  
Derek H. Lynch ◽  
Gilles Tremblay ◽  
Rosalie Gillis-Madden ◽  
Anne Vanasse
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
The Impact

Well-planned crop rotations and targeted use of organic amendments are critical to success in organic wheat production. The impact of green manure (GMr) type, GMr termination timing, and “Acti-Sol” [pelletized dehydrated poultry manure (DPM); 5-2-3] on organic wheat productivity and quality was evaluated from 2014 to 2016 in Truro, NS, and Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC. Crops prior to wheat were soybean or GMr of hairy vetch/oat (HVO), common vetch/oat (CVO), and red clover (RC) (NS site), and HVO, red clover/oat (RCO), and oat (QC site). Trials were split-split-plot designs with treatments of precrops, GMr termination (fall vs. spring), and DPM at 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg total N ha−1. Wheat yields ranged from 1500 to 1800 kg ha−1 if unfertilized with DPM and following soybean or oat precrops. All legume GMrs (HVO, CVO, and RC/RCO) and DPM applications increased grain yield (2000–4200 kg ha−1) and protein content (13%–16%), wheat total N uptake [49–60 kg N ha−1 (QC); 87–125 kg N ha−1 (NS)] and soil mineral N content mid-season and postharvest, and responses were consistently greatest following HVO. Timing of GMr incorporation largely had no impact. Applying DPM at 80 kg N ha−1 was an effective substitute for a GMr precrop.

Opportunities for improved fertilizer nitrogen management in production of arable crops in eastern Canada: A review

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Zebarth ◽  
C F Drury ◽  
N Tremblay ◽  
A N Cambouris
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
N Management ◽  
N Status

There is increasing public pressure to reduce the environmental impacts of agricultural production. Therefore, one key challenge to producers is to manage their crop production systems in order to minimize losses of nitrogen to air or water, while achieving crop yield and quality goals. Many strategies have been developed in recent years to meet this challenge. These include: development of new tools to measure crop N status in order to refine in-season fertilizer N management, development of new soil N tests to improve prediction of soil N supply, development of new fertilizer N products with release patterns more closely matched to crop N uptake patterns, and development of site-specific N management strategies. We review the opportunities and limitations to these new strategies within different arable crop production systems under the humid and sub-humid soil moisture regimes present in eastern Canada. Future research opportunities to improve the efficiency of fertilizer N utilization include development of practical methods to predict the magnitude of soil N mineralization; refinement of decision-making processes which take into consideration the crop N status and soil properties as a basis for variable rate fertilizer N application; development of affordable controlled-release fertilizer N products with improved N release characteristics; development of practical methods for capturing and recycling nutrient-laden drainage water; development of gene expression profiling based techniques to identify crop N stress; and application of crop genomics and molecular breeding techniques to accelerate the development of new cultivars with increased N use efficiency. Key words: Soil N tests, plant N tests, nitrogen fertilizers, nitrogen cycling

Nitrate and water uptake, rather than rhizodeposition, control denitrification in the presence of growing plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Sophie Rummel ◽  
Reinhard Well ◽  
Birgit Pfeiffer ◽  
Klaus Dittert ◽  
Sebastian Floßmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Double Labeling

&lt;p&gt;The main prerequisites for denitrification are availability of nitrate (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) and easily decomposable organic substances, and oxygen deficiency. Growing plants modify all these parameters and may thus play an important role in regulating denitrification. Previous studies investigating plant root effects on denitrification have found contradictive results. Both increased and decreased denitrification in the presence of plants have been reported and were associated with higher C&lt;sub&gt;org&lt;/sub&gt; or lower NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; availability, respectively. Accordingly, it is still unclear whether growing plants stimulate denitrification through root exudation or restrict it through NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; uptake. Furthermore, reliable measurements of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O/(N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O+N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) ratios in the presence of plants are scarce.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, we conducted a double labeling pot experiment with either maize (&lt;em&gt;Zea mays&lt;/em&gt; L.) or cup plant (&lt;em&gt;Silphium perfoliatum&lt;/em&gt; L.) of the same age but differing in size of their shoot and root systems. The &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N gas flux method was applied to directly quantify N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes in situ. To link denitrification with available C in the rhizosphere, &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pulse labeling was used to trace C translocation from shoots to roots and its release by roots into the soil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Plant water uptake was a main factor controlling soil moisture and, thus, daily N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O+N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes, cumulative N emissions, and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O production pathways. However, N fluxes remained on a low level when NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; availability was low due to rapid plant N uptake. Only when both N and water uptake were low, high NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; availability and high soil moisture led to strongly increased denitrification-derived N losses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Total CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; efflux was positively correlated with root dry matter, but there was no indication of any relationship between recovered &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C from root exudation and cumulative N emissions. We anticipate that higher C&lt;sub&gt;org&lt;/sub&gt; availability in pots with large root systems did not lead to higher denitrification rates, as NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; was limiting denitrification due to plant N uptake. Overall, we conclude that root-derived C stimulates denitrification only when soil NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; is not limited and low O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations enable denitrification. Thus, root-derived C may stimulate denitrification under small plants, while N and water uptake become the controlling factors with increasing plant and root growth.&lt;/p&gt;

Influence of long-term tillage, straw and N fertilizer on barley yield, plant-N uptake and soil-N balance

1995 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nyborg ◽  
E.D. Solberg ◽  
R.C. Izaurralde ◽  
S.S. Malhi ◽  
M. Molina-Ayala
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Plant N Uptake

scholarly journals Estimating Nitrogen Flows and Nitrogen Footprint for Agro-Food System of Rwanda Over the Last Five Decades: Challenges and Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barthelemy Harerimana ◽  
Minghua Zhou ◽  
Muhammad Shaaban ◽  
Bo Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Food System ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Per Capita

This study presents the first detailed estimate of Rwanda’s nitrogen (N) flows and N footprint for food (NFfood) from 1961 to 2018. Low N fertilizer inputs, substandard production techniques, and inefficient agricultural management practices are focal causes of low crop yields, environmental pollution, and food insecurity. We therefore assessed the N budget, N use efficiency (NUE), virtual N factors (VNFs), soil N mining factors (SNMFs), and N footprint for the agro-food systems of Rwanda with consideration of scenarios of fertilized and unfertilized farms. The total N input to croplands increased from 14.6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (1960s) to 34.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (2010–2018), while the total crop N uptake increased from 18 kg N ha−1yr−1 (1960s) to 28.2 kg N ha−1yr−1 (2010–2018), reflecting a decline of NUE from 124% (1960s) to 85% (2010–2018). Gaseous N losses of NH3, N2O, and NO increased from 0.45 (NH3), 0.03 (N2O), and 0.00 (NO) Gg N yr−1 (1960s) to 6.98 (NH3), 0.58 (N2O), and 0.10 (NO) Gg N yr−1 (2010–2018). Due to the low N inputs, SNMFs were in the range of 0.00 and 2.99 and the rice production, cash-crop production, and livestock production systems have greater SNMFs in Rwanda. The weighted NFfood per capita that presents the actual situation of fertilized and unfertilized croplands increased from 4.0 kg N cap−1 yr−1 (1960s) to 6.3 kg N cap−1 yr−1 (2010–2018). The NFfood per capita would increase from 3.5 kg N cap−1 yr−1 to 4.8 kg N cap−1 yr−1 under a scenario of all croplands without N fertilizer application and increase from 6.0 to 8.7 kg N cap−1 yr−1 under the situation of all croplands receiving N fertilizer. The per capita agro-food production accounted for approximately 58% of the national NFfood. The present study indicates that Rwanda is currently suffering from low N inputs, high soil N depletion, food insecurity, and environmental N losses. Therefore, suggesting that the implementation of N management policies of increasing agricultural N inputs and rehabilitating the degraded soils with organic amendments of human and animal waste needs to be carefully considered in Rwanda.

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