scholarly journals How Demanding Is Healthcare Work? A Meta-Analytic Review of TLX Scores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Hertzum
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Mental Demand ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Healthcare Work ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nurses And Physicians ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Real Patients ◽  
Different Levels

This study establishes how demanding healthcare work is experienced to be and whether nurses and physicians experience different levels of workload. A meta-analytic review was conducted of 87 studies that reported Task Load Index (TLX) scores for healthcare work. Of these studies, 37 were conducted in real-life settings and 50 in lab settings without real patients. In real-life settings, clinicians experienced a workload with a mean TLX of 49 (on a 0-100 scale). Divided onto staff groups, the mean TLX for nurses was 63, which was significantly higher than the mean of 40 for physicians. Among the six TLX subscales, the main contributors to workload were mental demand, temporal demand, and effort. They were higher than physical demand and frustration. The clinicians experienced their performance – the last subscale – as closer to poor than good in 38% of the studies conducted in real-life settings. The difference between nurses and physicians was consistent across all subscales, except mental demand. Finally, it is methodologically important that TLX scores appeared not to transfer directly from lab to real-life settings. To reduce the risk of errors and burnout, new healthcare procedures and technologies should be evaluated for their impact on workload.

scholarly journals Evaluation of CPAP mask performance during 3 years of mask usage: time for reconsideration of renewal policies?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001104
Author(s):  
Atte Laaka ◽  
Maria Hollmén ◽  
Adel Bachour
Keyword(s):  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Related Cost ◽  
Renewal Time ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Mask Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Usage

BackgroundContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask renewal policies vary inside and between countries. There are no independent studies on the optimal mask renewal frequency. We aimed to evaluate CPAP mask function over time in a real-life clinical setting, and to compare the results against current renewal policies.MethodsDaily performance data of 1846 CPAP masks (65% nasal, 22% nasal pillows, 12% oronasal) were recorded from 450 participants (68% male, mean age 59 years) with obstructive sleep apnoea. The unintentional leak, Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index (CPAP-AHI) and usage data were exported from the CPAP device.ResultsOf 656 324 nights of CPAP usage, the mean renewal time was 497 days (SD 327), mean leak 5.7 L/min (SD 8.1) and CPAP-AHI 3.8 events/h (SD 3.6). The difference in mean leak between one (5.2 L/min, SD 7.5), 12 (6.0 L/min, SD 10.2) and 24 months (5.8 L/min, SD 7.5) was minimal (p=0.59). Mean CPAP-AHI remained normal and unchanged in nasal masks and pillows up to 30 months, and was highest in oronasal masks. Different mask manufacturers performed similarly. Masks’ daily or total usage did not affect the results. Shifting the mask renewal policy to 24 months could reduce the mask-related cost up to 50%–88%.ConclusionsNasal masks and pillows could be used at least 2 years without significant changes in unintentional leak and CPAP-AHI. We suggest updating the mask renewal policies of nasal masks and pillows; results on oronasal masks and other manufacturers CPAP devices need further verification.

The effect of dried grass and cereal-based concentrate on the voluntary intake of unwilted grass silage

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. McIlmoyle ◽  
J. C. Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYTwo 7 × 7 Latin square experiments were carried out with British Friesian steers (mean initial live weight 360 kg). In Experiment 1 the effects of different levels of dried grass or concentrate on the intake of silage dry matter (DM) were compared, and in Experiment 2 the effect of a supplement containing various proportions of dried grass: concentrate on the intake of silage DM was examined. In both experiments the digestibility of the ration and the rate of passage of digesta were measured.In Experiment 1, supplementation depressed intake of silage DM, the difference being significant (P<0·05) at 5·0 and 7·5 kg/day, but there were no significant differences in silage intake between supplements given at the same level. Intake of silage was also significantly lower (P<0·05) in Experiment 2 when a supplement was offered, but differences between supplements were not significant. Total DM intake was increased significantly (P<00·5) by supplementation in both experiments. Supplementation increased energy digestibility but decreased crude fibre digestibility. In Experiment 1 nitrogen digestibility was significantly lower (P<0·05) with dried grass than with concentrate supplementation, but in Experiment 2 supplementation increased the digestibility of nitrogen. In both experiments the mean retention time was shorter, the time for the highest rate of excretion of stained particles was lower, and the maximum rate of excretion higher for dried grass than for silage.

Relative Susceptibility of Catch-Phrase and Propositional Scales to Social Desirability

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Orpen
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Content Area ◽  
Similar Group ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

To investigate the relative susceptibility of catch-phrase versus propositional (traditional) scales the Crowne-Marlowe (C-M) scale of social desirability, as well as the Wilson-Patterson (W-P) catch-phrase conservatism scale and a specially constructed propositional conservatism scale covering the same content area, were given to 90 South African high-school pupils under anonymous conditions and instructions to fake a ‘conservative’ or ‘liberal’ impression. A similar group of 40 Ss rated the various items in the two scales in terms of their social desirability. Finally, a similar group of 80 Ss completed the two scales under ‘real life’ conditions that have been shown to ‘demand’ liberal and conservative replies respectively. Since (a) the correlation with the C-M social desirability scale was significantly lower for the W-P scale, (b) the difference between Ss' scores under anonymous and faking conditions was significantly smaller for the W-P scale, and (c) the mean scores of the two unlike ‘real life’ conditions for the groups given the W-P scale differed more than those given the other scale, it was concluded that, as regards these scales, the catch-phrase type of questionnaire shows less susceptibility to social desirability.

scholarly journals Mental Workload Analysis Using NASA-TLX Method at Bank XYZ - Medan Balaikota Consumer Loan Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 622-626
Author(s):  
Hariadi Ramadhana ◽  
Harmain Nasution ◽  
Yeni Absah
Keyword(s):  
Mental Workload ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Mental Strain ◽  
Workload Analysis ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Mental Demand ◽  
Workload Capacity ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
The Difference

All human activities, whether light, medium, or heavy, must have or contain a workload. Basically, every human being has a varied workload capacity, thus it's not inconceivable that the workload experienced by one worker differs from that of another, because there are a variety of elements that influence the difference in workload capacity. Sales and processing teams are under a lot of pressure to meet credit disbursement targets, which puts them under a lot of mental strain. A worker will experience work stress if he is given an excessive workload. When it comes to work, the influence of stress will result in a decline in performance, efficiency, and productivity of the work in question. To address this issue, a study based on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) approach will be conducted to measure the mental strain of personnel in the Medan Balaikota consumer loan unit. NASA-TLX is a way for analyzing the mental workload of workers who must do a variety of tasks at work. Mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration dimensions are among the six variables to be measured. Thirty workers of PT Bank XYZ Consumer Loan Unit Medan Balaikota Branch were surveyed. The NASA-TLX survey method is a quantitative descriptive methodology that was utilized to test in this study. According to the findings of the study, the NASA-TLX average score of PT Bank XYZ Consumer Loan Unit Medan Balaikota Branch employees obtained through research had a modest value. The result is a score of 77. Keywords: Mental Workload, NASA-TLX.

scholarly journals Medtronic MiniMed 670G Auto Mode: Implications for Clinical Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A661-A661
Author(s):  
Jeanne Dos Santos-Marinho ◽  
Liam McGuirk ◽  
Amanda Puff ◽  
Monica Naparst ◽  
Alice Alexandrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Pediatric Endocrinology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Hba1c Levels

Abstract Background: The Medtronic MiniMed 670G System was the first FDA approved hybrid closed loop system for users seven years of age and older. The system monitors glucose and can automatically adjust the delivery of long acting or basal insulin based on the user’s glucose reading while in Auto Mode. Previous research has demonstrated that 670G Auto Mode use has improved glycemic control in patients (PTs) with Type 1 diabetes as young as 2 years of age and as old as 75 years of age compared to open loop Manual Mode. Objective: This retrospective study seeks to determine if the results of improved glycemic control, as evidenced by decreased HbA1c levels, can be replicated in real life/uncontrolled environments, when PTs are wearing the 670G system in Auto Mode. Methods: The medical records of PTs prescribed the 670G System at a pediatric endocrinology center were reviewed. PTs who did not use the system in Auto Mode were excluded. PTs who did not have HbA1c values before and at least 3 months after using the 670G system in Auto Mode were also excluded. HbA1c values were collected either as a serum sample at a local laboratory or a capillary sample at the center using Siemens DCA Vantage HbA1c Analyzer. 52 PTs aged 6-25 yrs met these criteria for analysis. Results: When analyzing the PTs as a whole, there was a significant decrease in HbA1c from 8.64% ± 1.51% to 7.81% ± 1.35% (p= 0.024). 63.5% of all PTs showed a decrease in HbA1c. 3.9% of PTs showed no change to their HbA1c. 32.7% of PTs showed an increase in HbA1c. Of those 63.5% of PTs who showed improved glycemic control, 51.5% had data in their charts to reflect their percentage of time in auto mode, which was an average of 54.32% ± 27.28%. There was no significant difference in HbA1c between males and females both prior (p=0.2) and post (p=0.1) treatment, nor was there a significant difference in the mean change of HbA1c between males and females (p=0.50). The PTs who were in auto mode greater than 25% of the time (n=15) showed significantly improved glycemic control with HbA1c levels decreasing from 8.13% ± 1.16% to 7.37% ± 0.58% (P= 0.04). The PTs who were in auto mode greater than 50% of the time (n=10), showed improved glycemic control with HbA1c levels decreasing from 7.87% ± 0.68% to 7.27% ± 0.46% (P= 0.046). There was a significant difference in the mean change of HbA1c between PTs whose adherence was known to be less than 25% (n=9) compared to those whose adherence was known to be greater than 25% (n=15). The difference in mean HbA1c prior treatment was not significant between these groups, yet the difference in mean HbA1c was significant post treatment. Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that the 670G system can significantly improve glycemic control in an uncontrolled environment. Adherence is an important factor in the outcome in this treatment modality. Bluetooth monitoring of patient blood sugar levels may significantly improve adherence and glycemic control.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TEST FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jacob Koed ◽  
Christian Hamburger
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Dose Response Curve ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT Comparison of the dose-response curves for LH of ovine origin (NIH-LH-S8) and of human origin (IRP-HMG-2) using the OAAD test showed a small, though statistically significant difference, the dose-response curve for LH of human origin being a little flatter. Two standard curves for ovine LH obtained with 14 months' interval, were parallel but at different levels of ovarian ascorbic acid. When the mean ascorbic acid depletions were calculated as percentages of the control levels, the two curves for NIH-LH-S8 were identical. The use of standards of human origin in the OAAD test for LH activity of human preparations is recommended.

EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rannevik ◽  
J. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

Development of Prolonged Delivery of Tramadol and Dissolution Translation by Statistical Data Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337
Author(s):  
P B Parejiya ◽  
B S Barot ◽  
P K Shelat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Matrix Tablet ◽  
Burst Effect ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency

The present study was carried out to fabricate a prolonged design for tramadol using Kollidon SR (Polyvinyl acetate and povidone based matrix retarding polymer). Matrix tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression of Kollidon SR of a varying proportion with a fixed percentage of tramadol. Tablets containing a 1:0.5 (Drug: Kollidon SR) ratio exhibited a rapid rate of drug release with an initial burst effect. Incorporation of more Kollidon SR in the matrix tablet extended the release of drug with subsequent minimization of the burst effect as confirmed by the mean dissolution time, dissolution efficiency and f2 value. Among the formulation batches, a direct relationship was obtained between release rate and the percentage of Kollidon SR used. The formulation showed close resemblance to the commercial product Contramal and compliance with USP specification. The results were explored and explained by the difference of micromeritic characteristics of the polymers and blend of drug with excipients. Insignificant effects of various factors, e.g. pH of dissolution media, ionic strength, speed of paddle were found on the drug release from Kollidon-SR matrix. The formulation followed the Higuchi kinetic model of drug release. Stability study data indicated stable character of Batch T6 after short-term stability study.

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