Relative Susceptibility of Catch-Phrase and Propositional Scales to Social Desirability

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Orpen
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Content Area ◽  
Similar Group ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

To investigate the relative susceptibility of catch-phrase versus propositional (traditional) scales the Crowne-Marlowe (C-M) scale of social desirability, as well as the Wilson-Patterson (W-P) catch-phrase conservatism scale and a specially constructed propositional conservatism scale covering the same content area, were given to 90 South African high-school pupils under anonymous conditions and instructions to fake a ‘conservative’ or ‘liberal’ impression. A similar group of 40 Ss rated the various items in the two scales in terms of their social desirability. Finally, a similar group of 80 Ss completed the two scales under ‘real life’ conditions that have been shown to ‘demand’ liberal and conservative replies respectively. Since (a) the correlation with the C-M social desirability scale was significantly lower for the W-P scale, (b) the difference between Ss' scores under anonymous and faking conditions was significantly smaller for the W-P scale, and (c) the mean scores of the two unlike ‘real life’ conditions for the groups given the W-P scale differed more than those given the other scale, it was concluded that, as regards these scales, the catch-phrase type of questionnaire shows less susceptibility to social desirability.

Assessing the Validity of the Semantic Differential Portion of the Apperceptive Personality Test

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1235-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Palmiter ◽  
David E. Silber
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Personality Test ◽  
Ideal Self ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Ideal

This study investigated the validity of the semantic differential portion of the Apperceptive Personality Test with 225 undergraduates who completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale, actual-self and ideal-self semantic differential scales (e.g., Actual-self and Ideal-self), and either the Apperceptive Personality Test or a modified version. A projected-self score was calculated using the semantic differential ratings of the hero(ine) character on the test, e.g., Projected-self. A strong negative correlation indicated that, as the difference between the Ideal-self and Actual-self decreased, the difference between the Actual-self and Projected-self increased. Discriminant analyses indicated that highly guarded participants, e.g., high Social Desirability scores, showed more congruency between Ideal-self and Actual-self and less congruency between Actual-self ratings and Projected-self on the APT than did less guarded participants. When the difference scores incorporated only those semantic differential items that loaded on an Evaluative factor, the same result of discriminant analysis was found when participants who completed the modified version were included. These findings support the validity of the test's semantic differential items and suggest that guardedness tends to promote more similarity between Actual-self and Ideal-self and less similarity between Actual-self and Projected-self.

Further Evidence regarding the R Scale of the MMPI as a Measure of Acquiescence

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen L. Edwards ◽  
Robert D. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
True Response ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mean

High- and low-scoring groups on the R scale of the MMPI were selected For each group the mean probability of a True response, P(T), on 26 scales was obtained. The social desirability scale values of the items increased from scale to scale. On all 26 scales, low scorers on the R scale had a higher mean probability of a True response than high scorers. The regression lines of P(T) on SDSV for the two groups had approximately the same slopes and differed only in terms of their intercepts. The study was replicated with three additional samples and comparable results were obtained in each case.

scholarly journals Evaluation of CPAP mask performance during 3 years of mask usage: time for reconsideration of renewal policies?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001104
Author(s):  
Atte Laaka ◽  
Maria Hollmén ◽  
Adel Bachour
Keyword(s):  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Related Cost ◽  
Renewal Time ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Mask Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Usage

BackgroundContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask renewal policies vary inside and between countries. There are no independent studies on the optimal mask renewal frequency. We aimed to evaluate CPAP mask function over time in a real-life clinical setting, and to compare the results against current renewal policies.MethodsDaily performance data of 1846 CPAP masks (65% nasal, 22% nasal pillows, 12% oronasal) were recorded from 450 participants (68% male, mean age 59 years) with obstructive sleep apnoea. The unintentional leak, Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index (CPAP-AHI) and usage data were exported from the CPAP device.ResultsOf 656 324 nights of CPAP usage, the mean renewal time was 497 days (SD 327), mean leak 5.7 L/min (SD 8.1) and CPAP-AHI 3.8 events/h (SD 3.6). The difference in mean leak between one (5.2 L/min, SD 7.5), 12 (6.0 L/min, SD 10.2) and 24 months (5.8 L/min, SD 7.5) was minimal (p=0.59). Mean CPAP-AHI remained normal and unchanged in nasal masks and pillows up to 30 months, and was highest in oronasal masks. Different mask manufacturers performed similarly. Masks’ daily or total usage did not affect the results. Shifting the mask renewal policy to 24 months could reduce the mask-related cost up to 50%–88%.ConclusionsNasal masks and pillows could be used at least 2 years without significant changes in unintentional leak and CPAP-AHI. We suggest updating the mask renewal policies of nasal masks and pillows; results on oronasal masks and other manufacturers CPAP devices need further verification.

scholarly journals Randomized Cross-Over Study Comparing Two Infusion Sets for CSII in Daily Life

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Freckmann ◽  
Stephan Arndt ◽  
Albrecht Fießelmann ◽  
Gerhard Klausmann ◽  
Kristina Pralle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Insulin Pump ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
The Mean

Background: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy is a valuable option especially for people with type 1 diabetes. Although insulin infusion sets (IIS) are essential components of most insulin pump systems, only few studies have been conducted on their performance and safety. In this study 2 IIS with soft cannulas were compared. Methods: In an open-label, randomized, crossover, multicenter 8-week study 80 type 1 diabetic subjects on CSII (20-74 years, mean 46.5 ± 12.9 years, 58.8% male) were enrolled to evaluate the use of 2 IIS. The Accu-Chek® FlexLink Plus (FL Plus) and the Accu-Chek® FlexLink infusion set (FL) were used 4 weeks each under real-life conditions at home. All patients had to record details about every IIS change in a diary. Insertion-related pain was assessed by means of a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: The mean pain noted during insertion was similar for both IIS (VAS 6.1 ± 6.4 mm for the FL Plus and 5.8 ± 6.3 mm for the FL, P = .92). 20.0% of the 895 IIS changes with FL Plus and 16.0% of the 854 with FL were unplanned. During the 4243 patient days of the study, 13 patients had adverse events. Among these, 2 serious adverse events occurred. Both serious events and 1 nonserious adverse event were considered as related to the IIS. Of the patients, 18.7% had kinked cannulas. Most patients were satisfied with both IIS. Conclusion: Both IIS are safe and effective. The 2 IIS did not differ from each other with respect to pain observed during insertion.

Social Desirability Correlates for Acceptance of Rape Myth

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1218-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca B. Spohn
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Rape Myths ◽  
Rape Myth Acceptance ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
The Social ◽  
Acceptance Scale ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Myth Acceptance

To examine the social desirability correlates for acceptance of rape myths, university students, 134 women and 56 men, completed the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The mean score on the former was 98.8 and for the latter 14.3. Over-all, scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were not significantly correlated with scores on the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale ( r = .10). Values were .03 for women and .16 for men.

Note on the Edwards Social Desirability Scale

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1271-1277
Author(s):  
Binyamin Z. Lebovits ◽  
Adrian M. Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
T Test ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mmpi Profile

A set of actual scores on the MMPI are compared with a set of SD-generated scores. However, the SD-generated scores are not obtained in the usual way, viz., from the mean SD score of Ss. Instead, the SD score of each S is taken separately and an MMPI profile is generated for him. 15 MMPI scales are examined. The differences between the actual means and the means of the SD-generated scores are evaluated using the t test and the Pearson product-moment correlation. The results show that for 14 of the 15 scales the differences between the means are significant ( p ≤ .01), and that 11 of the 15 correlations are significantly different from zero. However, the correlations account for only a relatively small portion of the variance. Only in the case of 4 scales does the correlation account for as much as 45 to 65% of the variance. The authors recommend, on the basis of the data and a logical analysis, that the SD-generated scores not be used as a substitute for the actual scores on the MMPI.

scholarly journals Social Desirability Bias and Earnings Management around the World

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Niszczota
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Corporate Earnings ◽  
The World ◽  
Earnings Benchmarks ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Market Pressure

Abstract In this paper we test whether inter-country variation in individuals’ tendency to conform, as measured by the Lie (social desirability) scale used in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, can explain differences in the propensity to employ corporate earnings management around the world. Such a link is feasible, given that survey data suggest executives tend to be under severe pressure to meet earnings benchmarks, to which they often succumb by engaging in earnings management (to the detriment of the company’s long-term prospects). We hypothesize that in countries where the propensity to act in a socially desirable (outsider-satisfying) way is stronger, earnings management should be more prevalent. Research results support our hypothesis, and demonstrate the existence of a positive relationship between the prevalence of earnings management in a country and the mean score of individuals from that country on the Eysenck Lie scale, which further evidences that capital market pressure is a significant determinant of earnings management.

Remodelling of the Vernacular in Bukchon Hanoks

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Jieheerah Yun
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
The Difference

Regenerated hanoks, Korean-style vernacular houses in Bukchon (North Village) of Seoul, have been celebrated as the successful examples of a hybrid dwelling integrating modern facilities in a traditional house form. While the modernization project during the postwar era encouraged South Koreans to live in high rise apartments, hanoks became one of the alternative residential options as urban forest of concrete high rises were perceived to be aesthetically unappealing as well as ecologically unsustainable. Hopes are high that remodeled hanoks can ameliorate not only dreary urban landscape but over-competitive and harsh everyday life conditions. While preservation guidelines for regenerated hanoks provide residents with a possible stylistic model, it becomes questionable whether they are viable solutions given the proliferation of structures which seemingly adhere to the guidelines without considering local urban context. By pointing out the difference between the preservation guideline and its real life manifestations, this paper illustrates how imagined aspect of the vernacular architecture takes precedence over the experiential aspect. In this process of selective appropriation, various vernacular housing types are flattened into a standardized representation of upper class dwellings. This article concludes that it is possible to bring diversity by encouraging flexible interpretations of vernacular architecture and incorporation of residents' memories in the design process.

Social Desirability Scores of South African and Canadian Students

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuntufye S. Mwamwenda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
South African ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
African Students ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

The purpose of this study was to assess the scores of 161 African (97 girls and 64 boys) and 190 Canadian students (107 girls and 83 boys) on Eysenck's social desirability scale which indicates the extent to which one is Likely to describe his personality favourably. Analysis showed South African students scored higher than Canadian students, both boys and girls, but there were no gender differences between African or Canadian boys and girls. Cross-cultural differences may be attributable to cultural and child-rearing practices of South Africans and Canadians.

scholarly journals How Demanding Is Healthcare Work? A Meta-Analytic Review of TLX Scores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Hertzum
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Mental Demand ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Healthcare Work ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nurses And Physicians ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Real Patients ◽  
Different Levels

This study establishes how demanding healthcare work is experienced to be and whether nurses and physicians experience different levels of workload. A meta-analytic review was conducted of 87 studies that reported Task Load Index (TLX) scores for healthcare work. Of these studies, 37 were conducted in real-life settings and 50 in lab settings without real patients. In real-life settings, clinicians experienced a workload with a mean TLX of 49 (on a 0-100 scale). Divided onto staff groups, the mean TLX for nurses was 63, which was significantly higher than the mean of 40 for physicians. Among the six TLX subscales, the main contributors to workload were mental demand, temporal demand, and effort. They were higher than physical demand and frustration. The clinicians experienced their performance – the last subscale – as closer to poor than good in 38% of the studies conducted in real-life settings. The difference between nurses and physicians was consistent across all subscales, except mental demand. Finally, it is methodologically important that TLX scores appeared not to transfer directly from lab to real-life settings. To reduce the risk of errors and burnout, new healthcare procedures and technologies should be evaluated for their impact on workload.

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