scholarly journals COMPARISON OF POTENTIALALLY DANGEROUS FACTORS WITH THE USE OF RARE AND GASILY VEHICLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-308
Author(s):  
V. Slovinskyi ◽  
G. Yelagin ◽  
Y. Alexeieva ◽  
V. Nakonetcnyi
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Ignition Temperature ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Closed Volume ◽  
Vapor Density ◽  
Explosion Pressure ◽  
Lower Concentration Limit ◽  
Gas Cylinder ◽  
Butane Mixture ◽  
Propane Butane

A detailed analysis of the potentially dangerous factors in the use of diesel, gasoline, methane and propane-butane fuels was carried out in cars. A detailed analysis of potentially dangerous factors when using diesel, gasoline, methane and propane-butane fuels in automobiles has been carried out. 6 options of fuel usage are considered: a tank with g asoline and a system supplying it to the carburetor and further to the engine cylinders, a tank with diesel fuel and the system feeding it to the engine cylinders, gas cylinder installation when installing cylinders with methane on the roof of the car, gas cylinder installation when mounting cylinders with methane in the luggage compartment of the car, gas installation when installing cylinders with propane-butane mixture on the roof of the car, gas installation when installing cylinders with propane-butane mixture in the cargo compartment of the car. Meanwhile, the potential danger while the vehicle is in motion is analyzed, as well as while it is in the open parking lot and in the garage. As the initial data, the common operation period was taken - in summer with the temperature of 30°C and possible fuel leakage with the probability of formation of an explosive mixture. Nonane is taken as a model when considering gasoline, and Pentadecane is used for diesel fuel. It was noted that the gasoline self-ignition temperature ranges from 255°С to 435°0С, the lower concentration limit of petrol explosiveness can be considered as 0.76% vol., while under selected conditions indoors, gasoline vapor can reach the concentration of up to 0.8 vol. %. The relative vapor density of diesel fuel betting the same conditions is 8.52 kg/m3. With the explosion, the pressure in the closed volume will reach 5.2 atm. It was noted that the gasoline self-ignition temperature ranges from 210°С to 370°0С, the lower concentration limit of petrol explosiveness can be considered as in % vol., while under selected conditions indoors, gasoline vapor can reach the concentration of up to 0.13 vol. %. With the explosion, the pressure in the closed volume will reach 5.0 atm. The self-ignition temperature of methane is 537°C, the lower concentration limit of explosiveness of this gas is 5.28% (vol). The vapor density of methane at the temperature of 300°C (303K) is 0.64 kg/m3, which is significantly less than the density of air. The explosion pressure in the closed volume will reach 7.7 atm. The propane-butane mixture used in summer contains about 40% of propane and 60% of butane. Spontaneous ignition temperature of propane is 4700C, butane is 4050C. The calculated lower explosion limit of this mixture is 1.5% (vol), and the vapor density of mixture at the temperature of 300°C is 2.1 kg/m3, which is almost twice the density of air under the same conditions. The calculated explosion pressure in the closed volume will reach 8.3 atm. It was concluded that when using certified equipment which is professionally installed, methane, which cannot accumulate in the lower part of the room or any compartment, is much safer than propane-butane and, especially, than gasoline or diesel fuel, as vapor densities of both are more than air density.

scholarly journals SUB-LAYER EXTINGUISHING OF ALCOHOLS BY BINARY MIXTURES OF FIRE-EXTINGUISHING AEROSOL AND CO2

Fire Safety ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
V. Balanyuk ◽  
M. Kozyar ◽  
A. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Volume Concentration ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Minimum Volume ◽  
Explosion Pressure ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Lower Concentration Limit ◽  
Fire Extinguishers

Introduction. Now the number of enterprises and technological processes where alcohols and alcohol-containing liquids are used is constantly increasing. Due to the content of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the molecule, alcohols have increased flammable properties, namely: high combustion temperature, low lower concentration limit of flame propagation, high evapo-ration rate due to low boiling point and significant explosion pressure. Thus, in order to increase the fire safety of alcohol enterprises, is relevant the search for fire extinguishers that would provide both surface extinguishing and volumetric phlegma-tization of alcohol-air mixtures .The purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the work is to determine the fire extinguishing factors and the efficiency of sublayer extinguishing by binary mixtures of fire extinguishing aerosol and CO2.Research objectives To establish fire-extinguishing factors of sublayer extinguishing of alcohols by binary mixtures of fire-extinguishing aerosol and CO2. To determine the fire-extinguishing efficiency of sublayer extinguishing of alcohols by binary mixtures of fire-extinguishing aero-sol and CO2.Methods. In the work according to the developed method with the use of metrologically certified equipment and certified measuring instruments, the fire-extinguishing minimum volume concentration of the components of the binary gas-aerosol mixture on the developed installation was determined.6 Пожежна безпека, №36, 2020Results. It was found that the maximum fire-extinguishing intensity of the aerosol formed from aerosol based compound based on sucrose (33%), potassium nitrate KNO3 (67%), is about 6 g / s in the experimental setup. The fire-extinguishing inten-sities of aerosol supply and its binary mixture with CO2 have been experimentally established. It was found that the addition of CO2 to the aerosol reduces the time of emergence of gas aerosol bubbles and quenching to 1.5 times. It was found that the size of the bubbles when adding CO2 is 10 -35% larger than when using CO2 itself.Conclusions. The results of the research showed that binary gas-aerosol mixtures have high fire-extinguishing efficiency with their sublayer supply for extinguishing alcohols and are several times more efficient, cheaper and have several times longer service life compared to traditional fire extinguishers.

Production of Hydrogen from Propane–Butane Mixture in a Combined Process of Matrix and Steam Conversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 927-933
Author(s):  
A. V. Ozerskii ◽  
A. V. Nikitin ◽  
Ya. S. Zimin ◽  
V. I. Savchenko ◽  
I. V. Sedov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Conversion ◽  
Combined Process ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Butane Mixture ◽  
Propane Butane

Synthesis of Acetone and Acetaldehyde from Propane-Butane Mixture

2010 ◽  
Vol 1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusman. Dossumov ◽  
Svetlana. A. Tungatarova
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Oxidative Conversion ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Butane Mixture ◽  
Products Of Reaction ◽  
Propane Butane ◽  
Petrochemical Products

AbstractSupported polyoxide catalysts on the base of Mo and W, as well as natural Kazakhstan's clays were tested in the process of oxidative conversion of propane and propane-butane mixture. The influence of reaction temperature, contact time, composition and percentage of the active component of catalyst were determined. The important petrochemical products - acetone (500-550°) and acetaldehyde (300-350°) were the main liquid products of reaction on natural Kazakhstan's clays and also on clays modified by Mo, Bi, Cr and Ga ions.

scholarly journals Suicidal asphyxiation by propane-butane mixture inside a plastic bag: Case report

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 376-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Zivkovic ◽  
Fehim Jukovic ◽  
Slobodan Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
The Body ◽  
Police Investigation ◽  
Central Nervous System Depression ◽  
Liquid Petroleum Gas ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Butane Mixture ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Eventual Death ◽  
Propane Butane

Introduction Volatiles are easily accessible and widely used in a form of liquid petroleum gas. Death as a consequence of inhalation of volatiles can be either accidental or suicidal. Case Outline We present a 62-year-old men who committed suicide by placing a plastic bag over the head and inhaling propane-butane mixture from a domestic gas tank. A rubber hose was attached to the tank valve and connected with the plastic bag. The body of the deceased showed signs of advanced postmortal changes. A suicidal note was found at the scene. Conclusion Propane-butane mixture, i.e. liquified petroleum gas leads to the depletion of oxygen in the air consequently causing hypoxia and anoxia, and therefore, unconsciousness and eventual death. The mechanisms of death in cases of volatile inhalation include cardiac arrhythmias, reflex cardiac vagal inhibition, and/or central nervous system depression. Similar mechanisms occur in cases of asphyxiation with a plastic bag. The reconstruction of the event in this case was based, not so much on autopsy findings (because of significant putrefaction changes), but on the police investigation and traces found at the scene. .

scholarly journals Estimating transport safety of propane-butane mixture with event and fault trees and probability methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
Jacek Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Delivery Vehicle ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Butane Mixture ◽  
Transport Safety ◽  
Driver Injuries ◽  
Probability Methods ◽  
Propane Butane

The threat of people as a result of delivery vehicle fire handling 11 kg and 33 kg bottles with propane-butane, due to leakage of these bottles was estimated. The probability of unsealing LPG bottles with gas during the year at loading, unloading and transport operations in carrier trade company was determined. Partial and total risk of serious driver injuries and the risk of death in the event of a fire in open load-carrying body of the car and tire damage was estimated. The risk assessment uses the methods of the event and fault tree as well as the probabilistic method.

Synthesis of Carbon Fibers in the Decomposition of Acetylene and Propane–Butane Mixture in a Plasma Jet

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1017-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Shavelkina ◽  
R. Kh. Amirov ◽  
T. B. Shatalova ◽  
V. A. Katarzhis
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Plasma Jet ◽  
Butane Mixture ◽  
Propane Butane

A Quantitative Comparison of Methods Measuring Fluoride in Solutions or in Enamel

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 945-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Ten Bosch ◽  
M. Booij
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
Good Sensitivity ◽  
Straightforward Manner ◽  
Lower Concentration Limit ◽  
High Concentrations

Fluoride in solution is most usually measured with the ion-specific electrode, although a few other methods are available. The electrode can be used in a straightforward manner, its lower concentration limit may be extended by special methods such as the standard addition of fluoride, or microdiffusion methods may be used to extract fluoride from the sample and concentrate it in base. Specifications of all methods are tabulated. A choice of method depends on the requirements in terms of specifications but also on the personal experience of the investigator and the required robustness. Microdiffusion of some kind is preferable for concentrations below 5 μmol/L or when electrode-interfering molecules such as proteins are present in rather high concentrations. Fluoride in enamel may be determined by removal of layers by etching, abrasion, or microdrilling, followed by dissolution of the layer removed. Specifications of depth and area resolution are tabulated. Alternatively, probing methods of a physical nature can be used. These methods require sophisticated instruments that are not widely available. Some of them are destructive, others are not. All but one require exposure to vacuum. However, most of them combine a very good sensitivity with a very good resolution in depth and/or measured area. Therefore, their use in research (requiring cooperation with instrument specialists/owners) may well be worth the effort.

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