Extending Alkenes’ Value Chain to Functionalized Polyolefins

Naphtha is one of the crude oil distillation products, bringing almost the lowest value-addition to crude oil, compared to other refinery products such as liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, and diesel. However, Naphtha can be converted to one of the highest value products at the end of the value chain, i.e., polyolefins. Although the production of conventional commodity polyolefins from crude oil, is considered as one of the final products in alkenes’ value chain, there are specialty polyolefins with higher values. Specialty polyolefins are small volume, high-performance thermoplastics with high-profit margins compared to traditional commodity polyolefins. Recently, some special purpose functionalized polyolefins have been developed as efficient substituents for high-performance engineering thermoplastics. Polyolefins are exploited as cost-effective platforms to produce these functionalized thermoplastics. They are promising candidates for replacing high-performance polymers with high-cost raw materials and elaborate production processes. So, functional polyolefins have introduced a new paradigm in the production of high-performance thermoplastics, extending the alkenes’ value chain and increasing profitability. High-performance specialty polyolefins may find exceptional markets in niche applications. In this chapter, the commercial specialty and functional polyolefins’ current situation and prospects are reviewed.

ANALISIS KEKUATAN SAMBUNGAN LAS TABUNG GAS KAPASITAS 3 KG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE UJI TEKAN, UJI KOMPOSISI UNSUR KIMIA DAN UJI MIKRO

Pengujian dan pemeriksaan didalam industri logam, permesinan dan manufaktur dapat dibagi dalam dua kelas, yaitu pengujian dan pemeriksaan untuk keperluan pembuat dan pengujian serta pemeriksaan untuk keperluan pemakai. Pengujian dan pemeriksaan konstruksi las pada tabung gas memberikan penjelasan mengenai jaminan mutu produk dan konstruksi las yang dimana syarat utamanya merupakan kekuatan las. Pada pengujian kekuatan las dilakukan dua pengujian umum yaitu pengujian merusak dan pengujian tak merusak terhadap model dari konstruksi atau pada batang uji yang telah dilas sampai terjadi kerusakan pada model atau batang uji. Objek pengujian penelitian ini dilakukan pada sambungan las tabung gas kapasitas 3 kg yang merupakan konstruksi tabung gas konversi energi peralihan dari minyak tanah yang dipergunakan oleh masyarakat. Tabung gas kapasitas 3 kg merupakan bejana bertekanan yang menjadi tempat penyimpanan LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) dengan material pelat baja karbon sedang dengan tebal pelat 2,5 mm. Selain itu pula tabung gas kapasitas 3 kg memiliki 3 bagian umum yang terdiri dari gagang tabung, badan tabung, dan kaki tabung dengan tinggi tabung ±80 mm dan diameter tabung 25 mm. Pengujian dilakukan dengan cara pengujian bending/lengkung tekan, uji komposisi unsur kimia material sesuai dengan SNI 07-0410-1989. Hasil pengujian sambungan las tabung gas kapasitas 3 kg didapatkan kekuatan tekan rata-rata sebesar 1,74 N/mm². Pada pengujian bending dengan lengkung tekan hingga sudut 180° tidak terjadi adanya pengaruh retakan las (no defeet). Sedangkan dalam pengujian unsur kimia material terdapat 31 unsur kimia didalamnya, dan dalam pengujian mikro hanya ada unsur ferrite dan perlite saja.

Jet A and Propane gas combustion in a turboshaft engine: performance and emissions reductions

The Paris Agreement has highlighted the need in reducing carbon emissions. Attempts in using lower carbon fuels such as Propane gas have seen limited success, mainly due to liquid petroleum gas tanks structural/size limitations. A compromised solution is presented, by combusting Jet A fuel with a small fraction of Propane gas. Propane gas with its relatively faster overall igniting time, expedites the combustion process. Computational fluid dynamics software was used to demonstrate this solution, with results validated against physical engine data. Jet A fuel was combusted with different Propane gas dosing fractions. Results demonstrated that depending on specific propane gas dosing fractions emission reductions in ppm are; NOx from 84 to 41, CO2 from less than 18,372 to less than 15,865, escaping unburned fuels dropped from 11.4 (just Jet A) to 6.26e-2 (with a 0.2 fraction of Propane gas). Soot and CO increased, this is due to current combustion chamber air mixing design.

Two deaths due to explosion of cylinders of liquid petroleum gas

Background Cylinder blasts can inflict multi-system life-threatening injuries to one or many persons simultaneously if they are nearby. The explosion in high-pressure equipment produces injuries due to its varied effects. Cases have been reported where the blast occurred in balloon gas cylinder, oxyacetylene gas cylinder, oxygen cylinder, coffee machine, and compressor of a split air conditioner (AC). Most of the cases are accidental. The investigation into the blast circumstances is of utmost importance to find out the manner and device involved. Case presentation Here, we present a report of two cases where victims suffered blast injuries at the same location due to the explosion of two different capacity liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) domestic cylinder and died on the spot. Conclusion The investigation into the blast circumstances is of utmost importance to find out the manner and device involved. Malpractice involving use of cylinder to fill another one might be dangerous for the person involved and present in the vicinity. This practice should be discouraged by lay person.

Investigation of Stability Limits of a Premixed Counter Flame

In combustion operations, flame fronts are often spread in an irregular. Therefore, the temperature and flame speed varies along the flame's front and depend on the asymmetry of the composition of the mixture and the conditions of the local flow before the flame, especially this behavior is evident in double counter flames. This paper describes an analytical study of stability limits of premixed counter flame. The investigation is based on experiments carried out to identify the effect of varying the distance between upper and lower burner edges on the stability limits at different equivalence ratio values; liquid petroleum gas (LPG) was used as fuel in experiments. The blow-off limit, disc flame limit, and double flame limit were investigated. Under the change of fuel gas-air flow velocity, in this type of flames, the conical flame is transformed into mushroom-shaped tented flame attached to the widened convex apex in the medial distance between the upper and lower burner edges. The experimental data and numerical analysis obtained show that high-stability for double flame, fuel-rich premixed flame operate over narrow range of equivalence ratio φ from 0.43 to 1.41. The ANSYS 17.0 FLUENT Premixed Flamelet Module with pre-processing was used. The results appear that increasing distance between burner edges decreases the flame stability efficiency.

Three Steps Mixed (Fire Tube–Water Tube) Vertical Boiler to Optimize Thermal Performance

The research aims to design and construct a new mixed vertical boiler (fire tube – water tube) with three gas passes. The strength of this technological innovation is in the best use of the thermic transmission receiving fluid (hot water, steam, thermal oil), this due to its multipurpose function of three steps using alternative fuels (Diesel, Liquid Petroleum Gas LPG, natural gas), by improving the thermal efficiency of the boiler its temperature is reduced with gases at low temperatures, which in turn also reduce environmental pollution. The methodology focuses on calculating the transfer area with the calculation method that will allow dimensioning the boiler, considering the calculation of losses and the fluid speed, with two defined procedures, the first for fire tube and water tube boilers. And another alternative. The results obtained allowed optimizing the thermal efficiency level, achieving very significant thermal efficiency results: With LPG 92.4% for hot water and 92.42% to generate steam in the same way with natural gas 90.25% for hot water and 90.24% to generate steam as well with Diesel 2; 89.21% for hot water and 89.31% to generate steam.