scholarly journals Lipid Inclusion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Inclusion

scholarly journals Lopinavir and Nelfinavir Induce the Accumulation of Crystalloid Lipid Inclusions within the Reservosomes of Trypanosoma cruzi and Inhibit Both Aspartyl-Type Peptidase and Cruzipain Activities Detected in These Crucial Organelles

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Leandro S. Sangenito ◽  
Miria G. Pereira ◽  
Thais Souto-Padron ◽  
Marta H. Branquinha ◽  
André L. S. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Information ◽  
Lipid Inclusions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Parasite Viability ◽  
Aspartyl Peptidases ◽  
New Evidence

Several research groups have explored the repositioning of human immunodeficiency virus aspartyl peptidase inhibitors (HIV-PIs) on opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, fungi and protozoa. In Trypanosoma cruzi, HIV-PIs have a high impact on parasite viability, and one of the main alterations promoted by this treatment is the imbalance in the parasite’s lipid metabolism. However, the reasons behind this phenomenon are unknown. In the present work, we observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that the treatment of T. cruzi epimastigotes with the HIV-PIs lopinavir and nelfinavir induced a huge accumulation of crystalloid-shaped lipids within the reservosomes, most of them deforming these key organelles. As previously reported, those structures are characteristic of lipid inclusions formed mostly of cholesterol and cholesterol-esters. The fractionation of nontreated epimastigotes generated two distinct fractions enriched in reservosomes: one mostly composed of lipid inclusion-containing reservosomes (Fraction B1) and one where lipid inclusions were much less abundant (Fraction B2). Interestingly, the extract of Fraction B2 presented enzymatic activity related to aspartyl-type peptidases 3.5 times higher than that found in the extract obtained from Fraction B1. The cleavage of cathepsin D substrate by this class of peptidases was strongly impaired by pepstatin A, a prototypical aspartyl PI, and the HIV-PIs lopinavir and nelfinavir. In addition, both HIV-PIs also inhibited (to a lesser extent) the cruzipain activity present in reservosomes. Finally, our work provides new evidence concerning the presence and supposed participation of aspartyl peptidases in T. cruzi, even as it adds new information about the mechanisms behind the alterations promoted by lopinavir and nelfinavir in the protozoan.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural Changes and Death ofLeishmania infantumPromastigotes Induced byMorinda citrifoliaLinn. Fruit (Noni) Juice Treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Almeida-Souza ◽  
Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki ◽  
Ana Cláudia Fernandes Amaral ◽  
Celeste da Silva Freitas de Souza ◽  
Kátia da Silva Calabrese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
Leishmanicidal Activity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Treatments

The search for new treatments against leishmaniasis has increased due to high frequency of drug resistance registered in endemics areas, side effects, and complications caused by coinfection with HIV.Morinda citrifoliaLinn., commonly known as Noni, has a rich chemical composition and various therapeutic effects have been described in the literature. Studies have shown the leishmanicidal activity ofM. citrifolia; however, its action on the parasite has not yet been elucidated. In this work, we analyzed leishmanicidal activity and ultrastructural changes inLeishmania infantumpromastigotes caused byM. citrifoliafruit juice treatment.M. citrifoliafruit extract showed a yield of 6.31% and high performance liquid chromatography identified phenolic and aromatic compounds as the major constituents. IC50values were 260.5 µg/mL for promastigotes and 201.3 µg/mL for intracellular amastigotes ofL. infantumtreated withM. citrifolia. Cytotoxicity assay with J774.G8 macrophages showed thatM. citrifoliafruit juice was not toxic up to 2 mg/mL. Transmission electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic vacuolization, lipid inclusion, increased exocytosis activity, and autophagosome-like vesicles inL. infantumpromastigotes treated withM. citrifoliafruit juice.M. citrifoliafruit juice was active againstL. infantumin thein vitromodel used here causing ultrastructural changes and has a future potential for treatment against leishmaniasis.

Novel Quantitative Method to Evaluate Globotriaosylceramide Inclusions in Renal Peritubular Capillaries by Virtual Microscopy in Patients With Fabry Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 136 (7) ◽  
pp. 816-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Barisoni ◽  
J. Charles Jennette ◽  
Robert Colvin ◽  
Sheela Sitaraman ◽  
Alexander Bragat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Fabry Disease ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Virtual Microscopy ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
Peritubular Capillaries ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Light Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Conventional Light Microscopy

Context.—Assessing the amount of globotriaosylceramide inclusions in renal peritubular capillaries by a semiquantitative approach is a standard and useful measure of therapeutic efficacy in Fabry disease, achievable by light microscopy analysis. Objective.—To describe a novel virtual microscopy quantitative method to measure globotriaosylceramide inclusions (Barisoni Lipid Inclusion Scoring System [BLISS]) in renal biopsies from patients with Fabry disease. Design.—Plastic embedded 1-µm-thick sections from kidney biopsies from 17 patients enrolled in a Fabry disease clinical trial were evaluated using a standard semiquantitative methodology and BLISS to compare sensitivity. We also tested intrareader and interreader variability of BLISS and compared results from conventional light microscopy analysis with a virtual microscopy-based methodology. Peritubular capillaries were first annotated on digital images of whole slides by 1 pathologist and then scored for globotriaosylceramide inclusions by 2 additional pathologists. Results.—We demonstrated that (1) quantitative analysis by BLISS results in detection of small amount of globotriaosylceramide inclusions even when by semiquantitative analysis the score is 0, (2) application of BLISS combined with conventional light microscopy results in low intrareader and interreader variability, and (3) BLISS combined with virtual microscopy results in significant reduction of intrareader and interreader variability compared with BLISS–light microscopy. Conclusions.—BLISS is a simpler and more sensitive scoring system compared to the semiquantitative approach. The virtual microscopy–based methodology increases accuracy and reproducibility; moreover, it provides a permanent record of retrievable data with full transparency in clinical trials.

scholarly journals Development of a Fluorescent Assay to Search New Drugs Using Stable tdTomato-Leishmania, and the Selection of Galangin as a Candidate With Anti-Leishmanial Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernanda García-Bustos ◽  
Agustín Moya Álvarez ◽  
Cecilia Pérez Brandan ◽  
Cecilia Parodi ◽  
Andrea Mabel Sosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Compound ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Fluorescence Assay ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Meglumine Antimoniate ◽  
Wide Range

Antimonials continue to be considered the first-line treatment for leishmaniases, but its use entails a wide range of side effects and serious reactions. The search of new drugs requires the development of methods more sensitive and faster than the conventional ones. We developed and validated a fluorescence assay based in the expression of tdTomato protein by Leishmania, and we applied this method to evaluate the activity in vitro of flavonoids and reference drugs. The pIR1SAT/tdTomato was constructed and integrated into the genome of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Parasites were selected with nourseothricin (NTC). The relation of L. amaz/tc3 fluorescence and the number of parasites was determined; then the growth in vitro and infectivity in BALB/c mice was characterized. To validate the fluorescence assay, the efficacy of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate was compared with the conventional methods. After that, the method was used to assess in vitro the activity of flavonoids; and the mechanism of action of the most active compound was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and ELISA. A linear correlation was observed between the emission of fluorescence of L. amaz/tc3 and the number of parasites (r2 = 0.98), and the fluorescence was stable in the absence of NTC. No differences were observed in terms of infectivity between L. amaz/tc3 and wild strain. The efficacy of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate determined by the fluorescence assay and the microscopic test showed no differences, however, in vivo the fluorescence assay was more sensitive than limiting dilution assay. Screening assay revealed that the flavonoid galangin (GAL) was the most active compound with IC50 values of 53.09 µM and 20.59 µM in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, respectively. Furthermore, GAL induced mitochondrial swelling, lipid inclusion bodies and vacuolization in promastigotes; and up-modulated the production of IL-12 p70 in infected macrophages. The fluorescence assay is a useful tool to assess the anti-leishmanial activity of new compounds. However, the assay has some limitations in the macrophage-amastigote model that might be related with an interfere of flavanol aglycones with the fluorescence readout of tdTomato. Finally, GAL is a promising candidate for the development of new treatment against the leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Immobilization of Daurian Rosehip Antioxidants by Protein-Lipid Inclusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311
Author(s):  
Bayana Bazhenova ◽  
Anastasia Burkhanova ◽  
Yuliya Zabalueva ◽  
Roman Dobretsky
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Lipid Complex ◽  
Active Substances

Introduction. Antioxidant system is one of the main cellular mechanisms of adaptation. It is able to neutralize the destructive effect of free radicals, both external and internal. Functional products, especially of meat origin, can provide necessary antioxidant properties. Some types of plant raw materials possess a high content of polyphenol complexes with antioxidant properties. Therefore, introduction of phytonutrients into the composition of meat products can help to expand the range of foods with an antioxidant effect. Daurian rosehip is rich in biologically active substances and can increase their safety during processing. The research objective was to study the possibility of immobilization of Daurian rosehip antioxidants by protein-lipid inclusion. Study objects and methods. The research featured fruits of Daurian rosehip, its aqueous alcoholic extract, and protein-lipid complex. Results and discussion. The article presents experimental data on the chemical composition of Daurian rosehip. The optimal method with the best antioxidant results was a microwave phytoextraction by an aqueous alcoholic solution at a power of 800 W for 6–7 min. The antioxidants were immobilized by including the protein-lipid complex into the gel. The experiment demonstrated excellent functional and technological characteristics of the resulting system. Conclusion. The research revealed the optimal modes of microwave extraction of biologically active substances of Daurian rosehip. The rosehip extract was included into the protein-lipid complex and immobilized antioxidants, thus increasing their efficiency.

scholarly journals Changes in the lipid inclusion/Sertoli cell cytoplasm area ratio during the cycle of the human seminiferous epithelium

Reproduction ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Paniagua ◽  
M. C. Rodriguez ◽  
M. Nistal ◽  
B. Fraile ◽  
P. Amat
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Seminiferous Epithelium ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Lipid Inclusion

Different types of V amylose–lipid inclusion complexes in maize extrudates revealed by DSC analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 752-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia K. Genkina ◽  
Valentina I. Kiseleva ◽  
Vladimir V. Martirosyan
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Complexes ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
Different Types

Effect of dietary lipid inclusion from byproduct-based pellets on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestion in finishing beef heifers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faustin Joy ◽  
Jordan A Johnson ◽  
Paweł Górka ◽  
John McKinnon ◽  
Steve Hendrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was designed to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, ruminal digesta outflow, omasal flow of N constituents, and ruminal and total-tract digestibility in response to increasing dietary lipid content derived from high-lipid byproduct-based pellets for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were iso-nitrogenous with increasing ether extract (EE) concentrations resulting in dietary concentrations of 3.5, 4.2, 4.7, 5.1 and 5.9% of dry matter. Periods were 28 d in duration with the first 19 d used for dietary adaptation and the last 9 d for sample and data collection. Dry matter intake, ruminal pH, omasal flow of N constituents, and SCFA concentrations were not affected by increasing dietary EE content (P ≥ 0.10). Increasing dietary EE content increased outflow of EE from the rumen (P < 0.001). Apparent ruminal and total-tract digestibility of EE increased linearly (P ≤ 0.03) with increasing dietary EE levels. Results indicate that increasing dietary EE content from 3.5 up to 5.9% of DM by including high-lipid byproduct-based pellets does not alter site of nutrient digestibility with no negative effects on nutrient intake, ruminal fermentation, or apparent ruminal and total-tract digestibility.

69 AGE AT PUBERTY AND REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF LAMBS FED SUNFLOWER CAKE

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
K. L. Da Silva ◽  
N. G. Alves ◽  
I. J. Ascari ◽  
D. R. Da Silva ◽  
J. P. A. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
Ultrasound Technique ◽  
Sunflower Cake ◽  
Age At Puberty

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipid inclusion, represented by sunflower cake (SC), on the performance, age at puberty, ovarian follicular development, and metabolic panel of prepubertal lambs. Thirty-five crossbred Santa Ines lambs were used [initial body weight (BW) 21.5 ± 1.6 kg and age 138 ± 3 days]. Four SC inclusions were tested: 0% SC, n = 9; 15% SC, n = 9; 30% SC, n = 9; and 45% SC, n = 8, within the dry matter of the diet. The diets were offered to the lambs until they reached 43.6 ± 0.8 kg; after reaching this BW they were slaughtered. Dry matter intake and performance were analysed. The number of follicles, the diameter of the larger follicle, and the total cholesterol serum concentration were evaluated one day before slaughtering. The serum progesterone concentration was analysed every 6 days after the animals reached 30 kg. Puberty was determined when the progesterone concentration reached = 1 ng mL–1 for the first time. The animals were randomly confined in individual pens. To study the significant variable and its effects on the treatments, regression analysis was performed. The number of follicles visualised in the ovary through ultrasound and after slaughtering was analysed by Proc Genmod. Spearman correlation coefficient of the number of follicles obtained through the in vivo ultrasound technique and by the count of follicles in the ovary postmortem. SAS software was used (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Daily dry matter intake (1.3 ± 0.5, 1.4 ± 0.5, 1.3 ± 0.5, and 1.3 ± 0.6 kg) and weight gain (0.19 ± 0.02, 0.23 ± 0.02, 0.19 ± 0.02, and 0.18 ± 0.02 kg) in the treatments of 0, 15, 30, and 45% of SC, respectively, presented no significant differences (P > 0.05). Total cholesterol serum concentration linearly increased (y = 73.1784 + 0.7206x), (R2 = 0.8477; P < 0.001) with the SC inclusion. The number of follicles <3 mm was not correlated with pre- and post-slaughtering (r = –0.097; P > 0.05), whereas the number of follicles = 3 mm of diameter was correlated (r = 0.56; P < 0.001). The number of follicles = 3 mm (2.4 ± 0.1, 2.3 ± 0.1, 2.4 ± 0.1, and 2.2 ± 0.1), >5 mm (0.5 ± 0.3, 0.7 ± 0.3, 0.8 ± 0.2, and 0.6 ± 0.3), and the diameter of the largest follicle (0.45 ± 0.03, 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.43 ± 0.03, and 0.40 ± 0.04 cm) verified through ultrasound, age at puberty (204 ± 11, 211 ± 13, 211 ± 13, 196 ± 11, 218 ± 11 days), and the weight at puberty (33.5 ± 1.5, 33.5 ± 1.7, 32.2 ± 1.5, and 33.5 ± 1.5 kg) in the treatments 0, 15, 30, and 45% SC, respectively, did not differ (P > 0.05), although the progesterone concentration presented a linear increase (y = 1.4783 + 0.02826x; P < 0.10). The number of follicles <3 mm observed postmortem was influenced (y = 3.0687 + 0.0288*x – 0.0006*x2; P < 0.001) by the levels of SC inclusion (i.e. a higher number of follicles were observed with the SC inclusion until 23.4% SC); follicles > 3 mm (0.91 ± 0.2, 0.91 ± 0.2, 0.97 ± 0.2, and 0.88 ± 0.2) did not differ (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the use of SC in the lamb’s diet positively affected the progesterone concentration and the development of follicles <3 mm of diameter, which presented an optimal level at 23.4% SC inclusion.

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