Inter-domain routing in integrated LTE and WLAN networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 506-517
Author(s):  
Shashank Tripathi ◽  
Mrinal Ranjan ◽  
Ravi Shankar ◽  
Ramesh Kumar Meena
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Integrated Networks ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Inter Domain Routing

The integrated LTE and WLAN Networks provide flexibility to use the Internet in Rural areas of India where their network infrastructure is not available. The research article focus to provide Internet service to the rural area end-users with a certain level of defined QoS as per ITU and TRAI guidelines. The selection of the best-suited routing protocol may have the capacity to help to achieve our objective. In the integrated network, it is much common to use a diverse variety of inter-domain routing protocol for forwarding packets by routing table updates. These tables are part of the memory of routers that help to forward packets from source to destination using their routing algorithms so that more users may experience QoS. This paper evaluates the performance of Bellman BGPv4, Inter OSPFv2, and Inter RIPv2 in terms of Routing Overhead for the integrated networks under a virtual QualNet 9.1 network simulator scenario.

scholarly journals Performance of Static Iot Networks using RPL Objective Functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8972-8977 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Transmission Protocol ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

Internet of Things, abbreviated as IoT is a network used mainly for the communication where different devices are connected for the retrieval, examination and execution of the necessary task. One of IoT’s biggest challenge is that, they are resource-constrained. Hence, it is essential to use an efficient data transmission protocol for routing. An effective routing protocol for static IoT network is the Routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). It is essential to assess the effectiveness of the RPL with the selection of best objective function for different static model. In this paper, the performance of different routing algorithms is compared in connection with different static topologies. Hence, the objective function’s performance is compared for different topologies i.e., Butterfly, Ring and Umbrella topologies. We consider two objective functions: namely Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) and Objective Function Zero (OF0). MRHOF considers Expected Transmission Count (ETX) as its metric and the metric considered under OF0 is hop count. It is observed that the objective function OF0 performs better than MRHOF for the metric of energy and successful receiving of data.

scholarly journals Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing Algorithm in Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yabo Yin ◽  
Chuanghe Huang ◽  
Dong-Fang Wu ◽  
Shidong Huang ◽  
M. Wasim Abbas Ashraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Convergence Speed ◽  
Satellite Network ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Integrated Networks ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Speed Up

Satellite-terrestrial integrated network (STIN) is an indispensable component of the Next Generation Internet (NGI) due to its wide coverage, high flexibility, and seamless communication services. It uses the part of satellite network to provide communication services to the users who cannot communicate directly in terrestrial network. However, existing satellite routing algorithms ignore the users’ request resources and the states of the satellite network. Therefore, these algorithms cannot effectively manage network resources in routing, leading to the congestion of satellite network in advance. To solve this problem, we model the routing problem in satellite network as a finite-state Markov decision process and formulate it as a combinatorial optimization problem. Then, we put forth a Q-learning-based routing algorithm (QLRA). By maximizing users’ utility, our proposed QLRA algorithm is able to select the optimal paths according to the dynamic characteristics of satellite network. Considering that the convergence speed of QLRA is slow due to the routing loop or ping-pong effect in the process of routing, we propose a split-based speed-up convergence strategy and also design a speed-up Q-learning-based routing algorithm, termed SQLRA. In addition, we update the Q value of each node from back to front in the learning process, which further accelerate the convergence speed of SQLRA. Experimental results show that our improved routing algorithm SQLRA greatly enhances the performance of satellite network in terms of throughput, delay, and bit error rate compared with other routing algorithms.

scholarly journals Improved Aodv (I-Aodv) for Ensuring Reliable Medical Data Routing in Wban Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2623-2626
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Data Routing ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Fitness Value ◽  
Healthcare Application ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

Healthcare application of wireless sensor network has seen tremendous boost in recent times because of wearable devices. In such scenarios, the routing has to be done effectively and securely.In such networks the packet delivery and E2E delay are of prime importance. The proposed scheme modifies the selection of the optimized path using AODV routing protocol by considering the fitness value of the nodes in the possible paths. The optimized path is the one that has nodes with highest remaining energy and highest packet delivery ratio. The proposed and the existing schemes were implemented in network simulator 2.35 and the performance parameters were throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay. These parameters showed an improved over the existing scheme.

Spatial Representations as an Emergent Feature of Perceptual Processing

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Wascher ◽  
C. Beste
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Perceptual Maps ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Selection Of

Spatial selection of relevant information has been proposed to reflect an emergent feature of stimulus processing within an integrated network of perceptual areas. Stimulus-based and intention-based sources of information might converge in a common stage when spatial maps are generated. This approach appears to be inconsistent with the assumption of distinct mechanisms for stimulus-driven and top-down controlled attention. In two experiments, the common ground of stimulus-driven and intention-based attention was tested by means of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the human EEG. In both experiments, the processing of a single transient was compared to the selection of a physically comparable stimulus among distractors. While single transients evoked a spatially sensitive N1, the extraction of relevant information out of a more complex display was reflected in an N2pc. The high similarity of the spatial portion of these two components (Experiment 1), and the replication of this finding for the vertical axis (Experiment 2) indicate that these two ERP components might both reflect the spatial representation of relevant information as derived from the organization of perceptual maps, just at different points in time.

Identity-Based Secure Inter-Domain Routing Protocol

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3223-3239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na WANG ◽  
Ying-Jian ZHI ◽  
Jian-Hui ZHANG ◽  
Dong-Nian CHENG ◽  
Bin-Qiang WANG
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Inter Domain Routing

SPREAD - A Routing Protocol to Meet End-to-end Adjusted Deadline in Real Time Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Neetika Jain ◽  
Sangeeta Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
High Data ◽  
Hard Real Time

Background: Real Time Wireless Sensor Networks (RT-WSN) have hard real time packet delivery requirements. Due to resource constraints of sensors, these networks need to trade-off energy and latency. Objective: In this paper, a routing protocol for RT-WSN named “SPREAD” has been proposed. The underlying idea is to reserve laxity by assuming tighter packet deadline than actual. This reserved laxity is used when no deadline-meeting next hop is available. Objective: As a result, if due to repeated transmissions, energy of nodes on shortest path is drained out, then time is still left to route the packet dynamically through other path without missing the deadline. Results: Congestion scenarios have been addressed by dynamically assessing 1-hop delays and avoiding traffic on congested paths. Conclusion: Through extensive simulations in Network Simulator NS2, it has been observed that SPREAD algorithm not only significantly reduces miss ratio as compared to other similar protocols but also keeps energy consumption under control. It also shows more resilience towards high data rate and tight deadlines than existing popular protocols.

Empowerment of Rural Women through SHGs: A Study in Telangana

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankar Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Group Approach ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
The Family ◽  
Self Help Group

The self-help group (SHG) is a powerful instrument to empower economically backward women of rural India as the women members under the SHG not only can earn income but they feel empowered also. With the launching of Swarnajaynti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India from April 1999, subsequently rechristened as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) self-help group approach (SHG) has been given utmost importance in India for the development of rural women mainly focusing on below poverty line households. SHG concept is popular in many rural areas of India as through economic development and subsequently empowering, rural women have got a solid platform. This research article has discussed the how rural women after forming SHGs in Ranga Reddy district (R.R. District) of Telangana were not only earning and contributing to the family but felt empowered also. The study was carried out at Gandipet village of Gandipet Mandal, Ranga Reddy (R.R.) district in September 2017. The some women members of 10 different SHGs were contacted and few individual cases are presented here.

Sustainability of Microbusinesses and Success of Microfinance

Paradigm ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
Aradhana Chouksey ◽  
Yamini Karmarkar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Fixed Capital Investment ◽  
Training Need ◽  
Funding Resource ◽  
Selection Of

Emergence of microfinance facilities has raised self-employment opportunities for the disadvantaged group. There are many small and micro entrepreneurs who have started their business with funding support from microfinance agencies. Though this increased funding resource has increased the number of businesses that are started by entrepreneurs in rural areas, another important fact is that all these new businesses are not necessarily successful. In Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh (MP), only 20 per cent of businesses funded by microfinance agencies are profitable. There are multiple reasons behind this lack of success of microenterprises. There are paucity of information in selection of right opportunity, absence of technical assistance, lack of business knowledge and marketing and finance skills, which are few of them. This is an alarming sign for funding agencies as higher failure rate of microenterprises bound to jeopardize, the sustainability of the microfinance in long term and retard the development of region. This research conducted on microenterprises of Malwa region of MP tries to identify the specific training needs of microfinance clients. Further, this research tries to evaluate empirically what are the potential and sustainable microbusiness opportunities, which can be started and run by people of disadvantage groups. Empirical findings through a survey designed on a sample of 54 microenterprises of eight villages of Malwa region show that any microbusiness having higher ratio of working capital to fixed capital investment are successful in Malwa region. Also, it is found that the most important training need of these enterprises is in the field of ‘managing finance’ for small business.

Safety Evaluation of Destination Lighting Treatment at Stop Controlled Cross-Intersections

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (16) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Goswamy ◽  
Shauna Hallmark ◽  
Theresa Litteral ◽  
Michael Pawlovich
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Crash Frequency ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Manual Selection ◽  
Roadway Lighting ◽  
Selection Of

Intersection crashes during nighttime hours may occur because of poor driver visual cognition of conflicting traffic or intersection presence. In rural areas, the only source of lighting is typically provided by vehicle headlights. Roadway lighting enhances driver recognition of intersection presence and visibility of signs and markings. Destination lighting provides some illumination for the intersection but is not intended to fully illuminate all approaches. Destination lighting has been widely used in Iowa but the effectiveness has not been well documented. This study, therefore, sought to evaluate the effect on safety of destination lighting at rural intersections. As part of an extensive data collection effort, locations with destination/street lighting were gathered with the assistance of several state agencies. After manual selection of a similar number of control intersections, propensity score matching using the caliper width technique was used to match 245 treatments with 245 control sites. Negative binomial regression was used to evaluate crash frequency data. The presence of destination lighting at stop-controlled cross-intersections generally reduced the night-to-day crash ratio by 19%. The presence of treatment or destination lighting was associated with a 33%–39% increase in daytime crashes across all models but was associated with an 18%–33% reduction in nighttime crashes. Injuries in nighttime crashes decreased by 24% and total nighttime crashes reduced by 33%. Property damage crashes were reduced by 18%.

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