scholarly journals Rethinking French identity through literature : the case of four 21st century novels.

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Virginie Bleneau
Keyword(s):  
Identity Crisis ◽  
First Century ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Current State ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Watching Tv ◽  
Second World

Reading French newspapers or watching TV broadcasts in the mid-teens of the twenty-first century, it is hard to deny or to ignore that France is currently (or still) undergoing an identity crisis. This crisis is of course not exactly a new phenomenon; many would indeed argue that the malaise originates from the waves of immigration that followed the Second World War and the dismantling of the colonial empire, leading second-generation immigrants to demonstrate, sometimes violently, against the unjust social realities of France in the 1980's and 1990's. In this dissertation, I argue that immigration has become the scapegoat for an identity crisis that is, in fact, Franco-French. I analyze four novels - JMG Le Clezio's Revolutions (2003), Alexis Jenni's L'Art francais de la guerre (2011), Azouz Begag's Le Marteau piquecoeur (2004), and Eliette Abecassis's Sepharade (2009) - that show that the current state of affairs stems from France's post-Revolutionary interpretation of the ideal of equality, rather than immigration alone. It is France's very notion of equality as sameness that prevents its citizens from adapting to the changes brought by the dissolution of the colonial empire. My postcolonial reading of these texts will reveal the complicated interaction between the individual and the forces that participate in the construction of individual and group identities.

The International Legal Personality of the Individual

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Kjeldgaard-Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Legal Personality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This book scrutinizes the relationship between the concept of international legal personality as a theoretical construct and the position of the individual as a matter of positive international law. By testing four main theoretical conceptions of international legal personality against historical and existing international legal norms that govern individuals, the book argues that the common narrative about the development of the role of the individual in international law is flawed. Contrary to conventional wisdom, international law did not apply to States alone until the Second World War, only to transform during the second half of the twentieth century to include individuals as its subjects. Rather, the answer to the question of individual rights and obligations under international law is—and always was—solely contingent upon the interpretation of international legal norms. It follows, of course, that the entities governed by a particular norm tell us nothing about the legal system to which that norm belongs. Instead, the distinction between international and national legal norms turns exclusively on the nature of their respective sources. Against the background of these insights, the book shows how present-day international lawyers continue to allow an idea, which was never more than a scholarly invention of the nineteenth century, to influence the interpretation and application of contemporary international law. This state of affairs has significant real-world ramifications as international legal rights and obligations of individuals (and other non-State entities) are frequently applied more restrictively than interpretation without presumptions regarding ‘personality’ would merit.

scholarly journals Registering the Impact of Words in Spoken Political and Journalistic Texts

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Christina K. Alexandris
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
International News ◽  
Current State ◽  
International Audience ◽  
News Networks ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spoken Interaction ◽  
The Impact

Words in spoken political and journalistic texts may inspire, infuriate or even become mottos. Often, the entire spoken interaction may be forgotten, yet individual words may remain associated with the Speaker and/or the group represented by the Speaker or even the individual word or words themselves obtain a dynamic of their own, outshining the original Speaker. In the current-state-of affairs, connected with the impact of international news networks and social media, the impact of words in spoken political and journalistic texts is directly linked to its impact to a diverse international audience. The impact or controversy of a word and related topic may be registered by the reaction it generates. Special focus is placed in the registration and evaluation of words and their related topics in spoken political and journalistic discussions and interviews. Although as text types, spoken political and journalistic texts pose challenges for their evaluation, processing and translation, the presented approaches allow the registration of complex and implied information, indications of Speakers attitude and intentions and can contribute to evaluating the behaviour of Speakers-Participants. This registration also allows the identification of words generating positive, negative or diverse reactions, their relation to Cognitive Bias and their impact to a national and international audience within a context of international news networks and social media.

scholarly journals Immigration Governance for the Twenty-First Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Ellen Wasem
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
First Century ◽  
Immigration Law ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Chain Of Command ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Administrative Structures

The governance of immigration has a checkered past, and policy makers’ efforts at reform rarely meet expectations. Critiques have echoed over the years and across the political spectrum. The current system of immigration governance is scattered around the federal government, with no clear chain of command. No single government department or agency captures the breadth of the Immigration and Nationality Act's reach. At the crux of understanding immigration governance is acknowledging that immigration is not a program to be administered; rather, it is a phenomenon to be managed. The abundance of commissions that have studied the issues and the various administrative structures over time offers some wisdom on ingredients for successful governance. Based upon this research, options for effective immigration governance emerge. This paper studies the administration of immigration law and policy with an eye trained on immigration governance for the future. It opens with a historical overview that provides the backdrop for the current state of affairs. It then breaks down the missions and functions of the Immigration and Nationality Act by the lead agencies tasked with these responsibilities. The paper concludes with an analysis of options for improving immigration governance. Each of these options poses unique challenges as well as political obstacles.

scholarly journals CURRENT STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THE DOMESTIC FORENSIC RESEARCH OF HANDWRITING

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-604
Author(s):  
E.G. Khomyakov
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Forensic Expertise ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Current Stage

The article provides a summary review of individual scientific works, the authors of which consider the issues of formation and development of judicial handwriting in the USSR and the Russian Federation, note the individual stages of this development and offer various characteristics of the current stage, which is the domestic judicial handwriting. Based on the analysis of these works, the author offers his own point of view about the stages (periods) of development of judicial handwriting in Russia, individual problems that occur in this branch of forensic expertise, and ways to resolve them. The idea of revising the theoretical foundations of judicial handwriting is proposed. According to the author, a handwriting object should be considered as a physical and mathematical model that describes this object in dynamics - in the process of its execution. There is also a need to assess the scientific and reliability of the qualitative and descriptive method used in forensic handwriting expertise.

scholarly journals PROSPECTS OF MODERN FORTIFICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 268-276
Author(s):  
Serhii Mykhalchenko ◽  
Valerii Tovbych
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Target Recognition ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Military Engineering ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Second World

The relevance of modern means of fortification and creation of new principles of spatial and urban planning solutions for special structures of defense, law enforcement and penitentiary systems, and border protection are investigated. It was researched that the presence of artificial intelligence, modern means of computer equipment and communications enables withdrawing human resources from the area of direct military clashes, and thus, the fortification will not have to protect a person on the battlefield anymore. Scientific and technological progress offers the latest firing systems with automatic target recognition and destruction. Thus, field fortification would enter the fundamentally new features that are not related to a person's protection from the means of destruction. Techniques for camouflage practicing, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices would also become fundamentally new. The techniques for disguising, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices will also become fundamentally new. As it was mentioned in the article, nowadays, terrible future that was described by numerous futurists and anti-utopians is here already. The global information networks, hybrid warfare, encroachments not on the burnt desert but on the thinking of the population of countries being subjected to aggression. It is precisely clear that the peace agreements reached as a result of the Second World War have been grossly trampled over by the imperial claims of the Russian Federation. Thus, there is an urgent need for scientific research that will provide the further development of the fortification as a complete field of the military engineering. The article points put that such investigations are likely to be carried out, but they are not advertised, as it should be in military affairs. The current state of affairs in Ukraine is really alarming. We are in a state of permanent armed conflict with an enemy who is stronger than us, practically protecting the world from the aggressive imperial encroachments of the Putin regime. It is a challenge for us: how to build defense, including fortifications. Meanwhile, there is only a loud embarrassment with so-called "Yatseniuk's wall".

scholarly journals Czech bibliology in the twenty-first century — its historical development and current state

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 21-57
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Šícha
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

The assessment of the current state of bibliology in Czechia, i.e. directions of its development and research accomplishments as well as staff training, is impossible without a historical overview of the evolution of bibliology as a more or less independent scholarly discipline. A study has recently been devoted to the subject, but only for the period until the beginning of the Second World War. That is why the author of the article, drawing on the literature on the subject, internet sources and information obtained from the staff of relevant research institutions, focuses first of all on the second half of the twentieth century, i.e. the role and accomplishments of the most important figures involved in the development of the discipline, the position of bibliology in the higher education system at the time as well as the changes which occurred in it in connection with the political breakthrough of 1989 and the emergence of computerised systems towards the end of the twentieth century. A substantial part of the article is devoted to the events from the last two decades. The author notes the rather difficult situation of the discipline at the turn of the millennium as well as attempts to rebuild it, manifested primarily in its restoration to the curriculum in the 2007/2008 academic year, increasingly successful eff orts of libraries and museums (“institutions of memory”) to obtain funds for scholarly activities, and attempts to formulate a concept of further development of the discipline. In the conclusion the author refl ects on the prospects for the development of bibliology in the nearest future, as well as measures that may lead to is further evolution and revival in broad research into the history of book culture in Czechia.

POST-COSMISM AND POST-HUMANISM: TWO STRATEGIES IN THE MOD-ERN PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
Natalia Rostova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Exceptionalism ◽  
Current State ◽  
Human World ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Post Humanism

The article analyzes the current state of affairs in philosophy in relation to the question «What is hu-man?». In this regard, the author identifies two strategies – post-humanism and post-cosmism. The strat-egy of post-humanism is to deny the idea of human exceptionalism. Humanity becomes something that can be thought of out of touch with human and understood as a right that extends to the non-human world. Post-cosmism, on the contrary, advocated the idea of ontological otherness of the human. Re-sponding to the challenges of anthropological catastrophe, its representatives propose a number of new anthropological projects.

The Political and Aesthetic Power of the Everyday in Beckett's Happy Days

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
Julie Bates
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Algerian War ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Last Man ◽  
Second World

Happy Days is contemporaneous with a number of seminal contributions to the concept of the everyday in postwar France. This essay suggests that the increasingly constrained verbal and physical routines performed by its protagonist Winnie constitute a portrait of the everyday, and goes on to trace the affinities between Beckett's portrait and several formulations of the concept, with particular emphasis on the pronounced gendering of the everyday in many of these theories. The essay suggests the aerial bombings of the Second World War and methods of torture during the Algerian War as potential influences for Beckett's play, and draws a comparison with Marlen Haushofer's 1963 novel The Wall, which reimagines the Romantic myth of The Last Man as The Last Woman. It is significant, however, that the cataclysmic event that precedes the events of Happy Days remains unnamed. This lack of specificity, I suggest, is constitutive of the menace of the play, and has ensured that the political as well as aesthetic power of Happy Days has not dated. Indeed, the everyday of its sentinel figure posted in a blighted landscape continues to articulate the fears of audiences, for whom the play may resonate today as a staging of twenty-first century anxiety about environmental crisis. The essay concludes that in Happy Days we encounter an isolated female protagonist who contrives from scant material resources and habitual bodily rhythms a shelter within a hostile environment, who generates, in other words, an everyday despite the shattering of the social and temporal framework that conventionally underpin its formation. Beckett's play in this way demonstrates the political as well as aesthetic power of the everyday in a time of crisis.

Restoring Four-Power Rights, Reviving a Confederation in 1989

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Elise Sarotte
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
World War ◽  
German States ◽  
Divided Germany ◽  
Second World ◽  
Restoration Model

This chapter examines the Soviet restoration model and former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl's revivalist model. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) hoped to use its weight as a victor in the Second World War to restore the old quadripartite mechanism of four-power control exactly as it used to be in 1945, before subsequent layers of Cold War modifications created room for German contributions. This restoration model, which called for the reuse of the old Allied Control Commission to dominate all further proceedings in divided Germany, represented a realist vision of politics run by powerful states, each retaining their own sociopolitical order and pursuing their own interests. Meanwhile, Kohl's revivalist model represented the revival, or adaptive reuse, of a confederation of German states. This latter-day “confederationism” blurred the lines of state sovereignty; each of the two twenty-first-century Germanies would maintain its own political and social order, but the two would share a confederative, national roof.

The Russian Language at the Turn of the Century: Semantic Capability and Development Prospects

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 150-169
Author(s):  
Svetlana N. Perevolochanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
First Century ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
Development Prospects ◽  
The Russian Language

The article considers the current state of the Russian language. Information technologies in the twenty first century present diverse forms of linguistic knowledge and modalities of knowledge quantisation in a linguistic sign. The Russian language develops from a standard, direct expression of thoughts to a nonstandard, psychologically complex, associative deep statement of thoughts. In the early nineteenth century, during the democratisation of the Russian language, a national genius, Alexander Pushkin, emerged. Thanks to him, the unique informational, cultural, and artistic evolution of the language took place. Nowadays, while democratisation and globalisation, processes which resemble the language evolution 200 years ago, are occurring. These processes suggest some patterns: overcoming stylistic disparity, changes in linguistic sign boundaries and semantic extension.

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