scholarly journals Comparison of salt content in breads offered in bakeries in South Khorasan province in 2014-2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-209
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Salt Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
South Khorasan ◽  
Food Laboratory ◽  
Total Average

Background and Aim: Adding salt to foods including bread along with improving its taste can cause problems such as high blood pressure; therefore, considering the importance of the presence of salt in bread, the purpose of this study was to investigate the amount of bread salt in bakeries in South Khorasan province in 2014-2018. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical and retrospective study was performed by random sampling method on bakeries in South Khorasan province in the period of 2014-2018. The measurement of the salt level was done according to the standards of the Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. The data were analyzed by using variance analysis tests and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: 2577 loaves of bread were sent to the food laboratory of South Khorasan province during the years 2014-2018, which is the total average amount of salt In Lavash bread, it was equal to 1.63 ± 0.57 g, Taftoon was 1.51 ± 0.53 g, and in Sangag bread, it was 1.42 ± 0.56 g. The mean of salt levels in years had significantly various (p <0.001). Conclusion: Our result showed that the amount of salt in bread was highest in 2016. It seems to be due to the lack of awareness of bakers about changing the standard of salt in that year. In this regard, the adoption of preventive and regulatory programs by the Food and Drug Administration can be a guide. Key Words: Bakery; Bread; Salt; South Khorasan

scholarly journals Comparison of salt content in breads offered in bakeries in South Khorasan province in 2014-2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-209
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Salt Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
South Khorasan ◽  
Average Consumption ◽  
Total Average

Background and Aim: Adding salt to foods including bread along with improving its taste can cause problems such as high blood pressure; therefore, considering the importance of the presence of salt in bread, the purpose of this study was to investigate the amount of bread salt in bakeries in South Khorasan province in 2014-2018. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical and retrospective study was performed by random sampling method on bakeries in South Khorasan province in the period of 2014-2018. The measurement of the salt level was done according to the standards of the Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. The data were analyzed by using variance analysis tests and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: 2577 loaves of bread were sent to the food laboratory of South Khorasan province during the years 2014-2018, which is the total average amount of salt In Lavash bread, it was equal to 1.63 ± 0.57 g, Taftoon was 1.51 ± 0.53 g, and in Sangag bread, it was 1.42 ± 0.56 g. The mean results of salt levels in different years had significantly different (p <0.001). Conclusion: The amount of salt consumed was the highest in terms of changes in the average consumption of bread in 2016, which seems to be due to the lack of awareness of bakers about changing the standard of salt in that year. In this regard, the adoption of preventive and regulatory programs by the Food and Drug Administration can be a guide. Key Words: Bakery; Bread; Salt; South Khorasan

scholarly journals Hubungan Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Dengan Preeklamsia Pada Ibu Hamil Di Puskesmas Bontobangun Kabupaten Bulukumba

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Ely Kurniati ◽  
Rusnawati
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Historical Cohort ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

Preeclampsia complicates 4-7% of pregnancies and remains the leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in health care over the last decade, preeclampsia remains the second most common cause of maternal mortality in Indonesia. This study aims to determine whether the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is related to the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at the Bontobangun Puskesmas, Bulukumba district for the period 2018 to 2019. This research uses a descriptive-analytic approach with Historical Cohort Studies, namely by looking at the cohort book of the history of blood pressure measurement results for pregnant women at the Bontobangun Public Health Center, Bulukumba Regency for the period 2018 to 2019. Determining the sample using the sampling method taken by purposive sampling. 31 samples of pregnant women who experienced preeclampsia and 31 controls were pregnant women with normal conditions who had certain criteria (matching) with the sample. The results explained that from the paired T-test results, the value of α> 0.037 so that it is said that there is a relationship between mean artery pressure (MAP) and the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at Bontobangun puskesmas for the period 2018-2019.

scholarly journals Effects of agroecological conditions and hybrid combinations on maize seed germination

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-725
Author(s):  
M. Tabakovic ◽  
Dj. Glamoclija ◽  
S. Jovanovic ◽  
V. Popovic ◽  
D. Simic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Germination Energy ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Coefficients Of Variations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Maize Research Institute ◽  
Total Average

Germination energy and seed germination of four maize combinations cultivated under different growing conditions were observed. Analysis of hybrid seed of four commercial combinations derived at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, grown in three locations, were done on the working sample of 4 x 100 seeds under laboratory conditions. The experimental data was processed for the mean and total variability (X and C.V.) for both seed traits and for each test variant. The total average values of germination energy and germination in the period of investigation amounted to 94.5% and 94.8%, respectively. The coefficient of variation for germination energy was 0.67%, while for germination it was 0.39%. In the five-year study, the hybrid combination ZP704 had the highest values of germination energy (95.9%) and total germination (96.3%).Test results indicate that coefficients of variations for both observed traits over years were low, which points out to homogeneity of the material. Significant effects of factors (hybrid and location) and their interaction on observed seed properties were established by the analysis of variance. Gained results indicate that all four hybrids had high level of expression of traits under changeable agroecological conditions, as well as, a great effect of factors (hybrid and location) on germination energy and seed germination.

A Comparison of Wet-Dry Swabbing and Excision Sampling Methods for Microbiological Testing of Bovine, Porcine, and Ovine Carcasses at Red Meat Slaughterhouses

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2155-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL L. HUTCHISON ◽  
LISA D. WALTERS ◽  
SHERYL M. AVERY ◽  
CAROL-ANN REID ◽  
DOUGLAS WILSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
Processing Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intensive Sampling

A comparison of wet-dry swabbing and surface tissue excision of carcasses by coring was undertaken. Samples from 1,352 bovine, 188 ovine, and 176 porcine carcasses were collected from 70 separate visits to commercial slaughterhouses operating under normal conditions. The mean total aerobic viable bacterial counts (TVCs) for all species sampled by excision was 5.36 log units, which was significantly greater than the 4.35 log units measured for swabbing. Poorly correlated linear relationships between swab- and excision-derived bacterial numbers from near-adjacent carcasses were observed for all three animal species. R2 values for least squares regressions for bovine, ovine, and porcine carcasses were 0.09, 0.27, and 0.21, respectively. The reasons why it was not possible to calculate a factor that allowed the interconversion of bacterial numbers between samples collected by each sampling method were investigated. Uncertainty associated with laboratory analyses was a contributing factor because the geometric relative standard deviations measured for TVCs were 0.174 and 0.414 for excision and swabbing, respectively. Uneven distribution of bacteria at identical sampling sites on near-adjacent carcasses on processing lines was also a contributory factor. The implications of these findings for process control verification were investigated by intensive sampling for 13 weeks in three commercial slaughterhouses. As many as 4 log units of difference in TVCs were observed in duplicate samples collected within a narrow timeframe from near-adjacent carcasses on the processing line. We conclude that it might not be appropriate to institute corrective actions in slaughterhouses on the basis of a single week's test results.

scholarly journals Efektivitas elektif dental hypnosis dalam meningkatkan kemampuan praktik dental hypnosis mahasiswa preklinik kedokteran gigiThe effectiveness of dental hypnosis elective in improving the ability of dental hypnosis practice in preclinical dentistry students

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Anisa Nurhanifah ◽  
Gilang Yubiliana ◽  
Aulia Iskandarsyah
Keyword(s):  
Test Score ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Elective Course ◽  
The Mean

Pendahuluan: Hipnosis adalah penembusan faktor kritis pikiran sadar dan diikuti dengan adanya penerimaan suatu sugesti/ide atau pemikiran sehingga menyebabkan perubahan perilaku, dan susunan mental emosional. Hipnosis sangat menguntungkan  jika diintegrasikan dengan praktik dokter gigi. Dokter gigi harus dipersiapkan dengan baik untuk memberikan dukungan yang efektif melalui hipnosis bagi pasien. Persiapan dokter gigi dapat dilakukan dengan mempersiapkan mahasiswa preklinik kedokteran gigi dalam tahapan menempuh  pendidikan dokter gigi. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis efektivitas mata kuliah elektif dental hypnosis dalam meningkatkan kemampuan praktik dental hypnosis pada mahasiswa preklinik kedokteran gigi di Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pre-eksperimental design berjenis one-group pre-test and post-test design pada mahasiswa preklinik kedokteran gigi dengan metode total sampling sehingga didapatkan sampel sebanyak 18 orang mahasiswa Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi yang bersedia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengukur kemampuan mahasiswa melakukan praktik dental hypnosis sebelum dan sesudah mengikuti mata kuliah elektif dental hypnosis dengan menggunakan alat ukur kemampuan dental hypnosis. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis statistik non parametrik yaitu uji Wilcoxon. Hasil: Nilai pre-test sebelum kuliah elektif dental hypnosis adalah 10, 11 (kategori kurang) sedangkan rerata nilai hasil post test adalah 31,61 (kategori baik) dengan nilai p sebesar 0,0001. Simpulan: Elektif dental hypnosis merupakan mata kuliah yang efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan praktik dental hypnosis pada mahasiswa preklinik kedokteran gigi.Kata kunci: Praktik dental hypnosis, perkuliahan, mahasiswa preklinik kedokteran gigi.                                           ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hypnosis is the penetration of critical factors of the conscious mind and followed by accepting a suggestion/idea or thought that causes changes in behaviour and mental-emotional structure. Hypnosis is very beneficial when integrated with the dental practice. The dentist must be well prepared to provide effective support for the patient through hypnosis. Preparation can be done by preparing preclinical dentistry students. The research objective was to analyse the effectiveness of dental hypnosis elective course in improving the ability of dental hypnosis practice in preclinical dentistry students at Jendral Achmad Yani University Cimahi. Methods: This study used a pre-experimental design with one group pre-test and post-test design in preclinical dentistry students with a total sampling method that obtained 18 students from the Jendral Achmad Yani Cimahi University. The study was conducted by measuring students’ ability to practice dental hypnosis before and after participating in the dental hypnosis elective course using a dental hypnosis ability measuring instrument. The data were then analysed using non-parametric statistical analysis, namely the Wilcoxon test. Results: The pre-test score before the elective course of dental hypnosis was 10, 11 (poor category) while the mean post-test score was 31.61 (good category) with a p-value of 0.0001. Conclusion: Dental hypnosis elective is an effective course in improving dental hypnosis practice ability in preclinical dentistry students.Keywords: Dental hypnosis practice, lectures, preclinical dentistry students.

Perbedaan sensitivitas tetes telinga antibiotik terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada otitis media supuratif kronik

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Budhi Darmawan ◽  
Dwi Utami Anjarwati
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cochran Test ◽  
Post Hoc

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one infectious disease of the middle ear, most commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A high number of patients come to the ENT outpatient clinic with active benign type of CSOM. The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of producing biofilm which protects itself from penetration of antibiotics, and therefore creates resistance towards antibiotics and difficult to eradicate. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity levels of chloramphenicol, polymyxin-neomycin, cyprofloxacin and ofloxacine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with active benign type CSOM in ENT clinic. Method: The method used was across sectional study on 25 patients, from August 2010 until December 2010. Samples were taken withear swab and then put on sensitivity test to chloramphenicol, polymyxin-neomycin, cyprofloxacin andofloxacine using the diffusion disc method. The analysis used in this study was Cochran test. Results: Results showed a significant difference in sensitivity among chloramphenicol (38,70%), polymyxinneomycin(83,87%),cyprofloxacin(90,32%)andofloxacin(58,06%)withp=0,000(p<0,05).PostHocanalysisusing the Mc Nemar indicated that there were significant differences in sensitivity betweenpolymyxin-neomycin to chloramphenicol with p=0,000 (p<0,05), ciprofloxacin to chloramphenicol andciprofloxacin to ofloxacine with p= 0,002, but there were no significant differences between cyprofloxacinto polymyxin-neomycin with p=0,687, polymyxin-neomycin to ofloxacin p=0.057 and ofloxacin tochloramphenicol p=0,109.   There were significant differences in antibiotic ear dropssensitivity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with active benign type of CSOM. Cyprofloxacin andpolymyxin-neomycin were more sensitive than ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, active benign type of chronic suppurative otitis media, antibioticear drops.  Abstrak :  Latar belakang: Otitis media supuratif kronik (OMSK) merupakan penyakit infeksi kronik telinga tengah yang sering dijumpai di klinik THT. Penyebab tersering OMSK adalah bakteri Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa mempunyai kemampuan untuk membentuk biofilm yangmelindunginya dari penetrasi antibiotik sehingga menimbulkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik dan sulituntuk eradikasinya. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perbandingan tingkat sensitivitas kloramfenikol,polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasin terhadap isolat Pseudomonas aeruginosa padapasien OMSK benigna aktif di klinik THT RSMS. Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah crosssectional terhadap 29 pasien OMSK di klinik THT RSMS periode bulan Agustus 2010 - Desember2010. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan swab telinga. Uji sensitivitas terhadap kloramfenikol,polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasin dilakukan dengan metode cakram secara difusi.Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Cochran dan analisis post hoc. Hasil: Didapatkansensitivitas kloramfenikol sebesar 38,70%, polimiksin-neomisin sebesar 83,87%, ciprofloksasin sebesar90,32% dan ofloksasin sebesar 58,06% dengan p=0,01 (P<0,05), yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaansensitivitas yang bermakna antara kloramfenikol, polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasinterhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Analisis post hoc menggunakan Mc Nemar menunjukkan bahwaterdapat perbedaan sensitivitas yang bermakna antara tetes telinga polimiksin-neomisin terhadapkloramfenikol, dan ciprofloksasin terhadap kloramfenikol p=0,000 (p<0,05), serta terdapat perbedaanyang bermakna antara tetes telinga ciprofloksasin terhadap ofloksasin, p=0,002, tetapi tidak terdapatperbedaan yang bermakna antara ciprofloksasin terhadap polimiksin-neomisin, p=0,687, polimiksinneomisinterhadap ofloksasin p=0,057, dan kloramfenikol terhadap ofloksasin p=0,109. Kesimpulan:Terdapat perbedaan sensitivitas yang bermakna tetes telinga antibiotik terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada pasien OMSK benigna aktif. Ciprofloksasin dan polimiksin-neomisin tetes telinga mempunyai sensitivitas yang lebih baik dibanding ofloksasin dan kloramfenikol. Kata kunci: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, otitis media supuratif kronik, tetes telinga antibiotik 

scholarly journals Digit Variability in Carotenoid Scores Obtained with the Veggie Meter: A Pilot Study (P02-001-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Velarie Ansu ◽  
Stephanie Dickinson ◽  
Alyce Fly
Keyword(s):  
Indiana University ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Period Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract Objectives To determine which digit and hand have the highest and lowest skin carotenoid scores, to compare inter-and-intra-hand variability of digits, and to determine if results are consistent with another subject. Methods Two subjects’ first(F1), second(F2), third(F3) and fifth(F5) digits on both hands were measured for skin carotenoids with a Veggie Meter, for 3 times on each of 18 days over a 37-day period. Data were subjected to ANOVA in a factorial treatment design to determine main effects for hand (2 levels), digits (4), and days (18) along with interactions. Differences between digits were determined by Tukey's post hoc test. Results There were significant hand x digit, hand x day, digit x day, and hand x digit x day interactions and significant simple main effects for hand, digit, and day (all P < 0.001). Mean square errors were 143.67 and 195.62 for subject A and B, respectively, which were smaller than mean squares for all main effects and interactions. The mean scores ± SD for F1, F2, F3, and F5 digits for the right vs left hands for subject A were F1:357.13 ± 45.97 vs 363.74 ± 46.94, F2:403.17 ± 44.77 vs. 353.20 ± 44.13, F3:406.76 ± 43.10 vs. 357.11 ± 45.13, and F5:374.95 ± 53.00 vs. 377.90 ± 47.38. For subject B, the mean scores ± SD for digits for the right vs left hands were F1:294.72 ± 61.63 vs 280.71 ± 52.48, F2:285.85 ± 66.92 vs 252.67 ± 67.56, F3:268.56 ± 57.03 vs 283.22 ± 45.87, and F5:288.18 ± 34.46 vs 307.54 ± 40.04. The digits on the right hand of both subjects had higher carotenoid scores than those on the left hands, even though subjects had different dominant hands. Subject A had higher skin carotenoid scores on the F3 and F2 digits for the right hand and F5 on the left hand. Subject B had higher skin carotenoid scores on F5 (right) and F1 (left) digits. Conclusions The variability due to hand, digit, and day were all greater than that of the 3 replicates within the digit-day for both volunteers. This indicates that data were not completely random across the readings when remeasuring the same finger. Different fingers displayed higher carotenoid scores for each volunteer. There is a need to conduct a larger study with more subjects and a range of skin tones to determine whether the reliability of measurements among digits of both hands is similar across the population. Funding Sources Indiana University.

scholarly journals Ex vivo evaluation of a multilayered sealant patch for watertight dural closure: cranial and spinal models

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kinaci ◽  
S. van Thoor ◽  
S. Redegeld ◽  
M. Tooren ◽  
T. P. C. van Doormaal
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Resistance Test ◽  
Burst Pressure ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Dural Defect ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Dural Attachment ◽  
The Mean

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid leakage is a frequent complication after cranial and spinal surgery. To prevent this complication and seal the dura watertight, we developed Liqoseal, a dural sealant patch comprising a watertight polyesterurethane layer and an adhesive layer consisting of poly(DL-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymer and multiarmed N-hydroxylsuccinimide functionalized polyethylene glycol. We compared acute burst pressure and resistance to physiological conditions for 72 h of Liqoseal, Adherus, Duraseal, Tachosil, and Tisseel using computer-assisted models and fresh porcine dura. The mean acute burst pressure of Liqoseal in the cranial model (145 ± 39 mmHg) was higher than that of Adherus (87 ± 47 mmHg), Duraseal (51 ± 42 mmHg) and Tachosil (71 ± 16 mmHg). Under physiological conditions, cranial model resistance test results showed that 2 of 3 Liqoseal sealants maintained dural attachment during 72 hours as opposed to 3 of 3 for Adherus and Duraseal and 0 of 3 for Tachosil. The mean burst pressure of Liqoseal in the spinal model (233 ± 81 mmHg) was higher than that of Tachosil (123 ± 63 mmHg) and Tisseel (23 ± 16 mmHg). Under physiological conditions, spinal model resistance test results showed that 2 of 3 Liqoseal sealants maintained dural attachment for 72 hours as opposed to 3 of 3 for Adherus and 0 of 3 for Duraseal and Tachosil. This novel study showed that Liqoseal is capable of achieving a strong watertight seal over a dural defect in ex vivo models.

Evaluation of Changes in Depression Levels of Bruxism Patients Treated With Botulinum Toxin-A

2021 ◽  
pp. 232020682110065
Author(s):  
Deniz Erdil ◽  
Nilsun Bagis ◽  
Hakan Eren ◽  
Melike Camgoz ◽  
Kaan Orhan
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Hoc

Aim: Bruxism is defined as the involuntary recurrent masticatory muscle activity characterized by gnashing, grinding, clenching of teeth, and/or pushing the mandible. Factors creating its etiology are peripheral (morphological) or central (physiopathological and physiological), and exogenous. Recently, among physiological factors, depression and bruxism were considered to be related. A definitive treatment method does not exist for bruxism; however, botulinum toxin-A (BT-A) application is an up-to-date and effective way of treatment. The present study is aimed to evaluate the levels of depression in bruxism patients treated with BT-A application. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 individuals (23 females and 2 males) who were diagnosed as bruxism patients were included in the study. 25 U of BT-A for each masseter muscle was injected into the patients. Patients were prospectively observed for a possible change in depression levels by using Beck’s Depression Inventory. The inventory was implemented before and six months after the BT-A application. Depression levels before and six months after the injection were compared. A paired t-test was used to compare “before” and “after” treatment values. One-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests were used to evaluate the change in Beck’s Depression Inventory scores according to age groups. Results: The mean total score was 7.80 ± 8.10 before the treatment and 7.16 ± 6.52 six months after the treatment. The decrease in the mean score was not statistically significant ( P > .05). Conclusion: In conclusion, despite the decrease in the mean Beck’s Depression Inventory scores, a statistically significant decrease in the depression levels of patients was not observed.

An Assessment of Sampling Methods and Microbiological Hygiene Indicators for Process Verification in Poultry Slaughterhouses

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. HUTCHISON ◽  
L. D. WALTERS ◽  
G. C. MEAD ◽  
M. HOWELL ◽  
V. M. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Process Verification ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Poor Relationship

Studies to determine the appropriateness of the use of populations of indicator bacteria on poultry carcasses for process verification were undertaken in commercial slaughterhouses. Samples were collected from neck skin by excision or from whole carcass rinses and were examined for a range of presumptive process hygiene indicator bacteria. Coefficients of variation were calculated for each bacterial indicator and were significantly lower in excised samples, indicating more reproducible bacterial recovery by this sampling method. Total viable counts of aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas in samples collected by excision had the lowest coefficients of variation when compared with other indicators and were therefore used for further study. The uncertainties associated with the quantification of each bacterial indicator were calculated and were lowest overall for total viable counts of aerobic bacteria. In general, uncertainty was higher for lower bacterial numbers. Results of microbiological testing on pooled excised neck skin samples were not significantly different from the mean of individually analyzed samples. Bacterial numbers increased by 1 log unit when cultures were stored under chilled conditions typical of those used for transporting samples to external laboratories, but the increases were not significant for Pseudomonas and aerobic bacteria when storage time was less than 17 h. Weak relationships were identified between bacterial indicator numbers and duration of processing, although cleanliness of the processing environment diminished visibly during this time. In the plants visited for this study, there was a poor relationship between presumptive bacterial indicator numbers and process hygiene. Consequently, bacterial analyses for process verification purposes may be of limited value.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document