The Profit Motive

Throughout the twentieth century, Britain was haunted by debates over its allegedly poor relationship between domestic industry and the financial sector. This controversy reached a climax in 1976 with the Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions chaired by the former Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson. Tasked to investigate the claim that British finance was starving out domestic industry, the Wilson Committee gathered evidence from the financial sector, businesses, and organized labour. What has been overlooked is that the committee also invited members of the public to provide testimony of their experiences with financial institutions and between 1976 and 1980 the committee received letters from 258 small savers and retail investors. These personal testimonies allow us to gain a rare insight into the ways in which ordinary savers and investors navigated through a decade of economic turmoil. Making sense of these everyday experiences with the financial markets allows us to better understand the appeal of Margaret Thatcher’s market populism that eventually offered a more optimistic future to an electorate weary of inflation. It also adds colour to our notion of the 1970s as a traumatic period for British savers and investors, at the end of which a more welcoming appraisal of the profit motive emerged in public discourse. But at the same time, with many investors feeling compelled by inflation rates to take higher risks, the decade heralded the acquisitive, short-term, and speculative approach to finance that came to dominate the 1980s.

Regression Analysis of university students' Mental Health and its influencing factors during COVID-19 's epidemic in online Learning (Preprint)

BACKGROUND The coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic is an unprecedented emergency that has affected all global industries, including education,As a global public health emergency, COVID-19 can lead to psychological crises such as post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression. OBJECTIVE To understand the mental health level of university students during online learning under the epidemic situation of COVID-19 and analyze its influencing factors,so as to provide a scientific basis for mental health education of university students. METHODS From June to July 2020,one medical university and one non-medical university in southern Anhui were selected by cluster sampling, and 3781 medical and non-medical university students were investigated with DASS-21. RESULTS The detection rates of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and stress emotions of literature majors (30.03%,31.05%,14.50%) were lower than those of non-literature majors (44.49%,46.22%,24.81%).The differences were statistically significant (χ2 values were 81.49 and 88.26,63.08,P<0.05, respectively).During the online study,the depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms of the students in 4 universitys and universities were mainly moderate (18.43%, 20.68%),and the stress was mainly mild (9.41%) and moderate (5.29%).The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that non-medical students, poor relationship with parents, poor relationship with father, inadequate preparation of teachers before class and dissatisfaction with online teaching were prone to depressive symptoms (OR=1.84,1.28,1.63 and1.75 respectively) and anxiety (OR=1.79,1.22,1.65 and 1.77, respectively) and anxiety symptoms (OR=1.79,1.22,1.65,1.77, respectively) and anxiety (OR=1.79,1.22,1.65,1.77,1.19, respectively). ) and negative stress emotion (OR=2.09,1.41,1.58,1.29,1.48, respectively).Girls are less likely to have depressive symptoms (OR=0.82) and anxiety symptoms (OR=0.74) than boys.University students who live in rural areas are more likely to have anxiety symptoms (OR=1.27).The senior students were more likely to feel the existence of pressure (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The detection rates of depressive symptoms,anxiety symptoms and negative stress emotion are higher in university students during online learning. Families and schools should pay timely attention to the mental health of university students during online learning and provide targeted psychological counseling for students with different characteristics.

Risk factors of suicidality among married adults: A cross-sectional survey in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

Background Suicide is a serious public health concern all over the world including Bangladesh. About 9% of the patients admitted with suicidal ideation (SI) or suicide attempt (SA) later complete suicide. To understand and prevent suicide, the study of SI and SA is necessary but research in this area is scanty in Bangladesh. Therefore, we studied suicidality (SI and SA) among married adults in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Methods This was a household cross-sectional study. A total of 708 married adults were selected for this study using a multi-stage random sampling. Suicidality was measured based on two factors: (i) suicidal ideation, and (ii) suicide attempt. Frequency distribution, Chi-square test and multiple binary logistic regression model were used in this study according to our objectives. Results The prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and suicidality was 5.8%, 3.4%, and 8.3% respectively among married adults. A multiple binary logistic regression model provided the following risk factors of suicidality: (i) joint family (AOR = 0.310, p<0.01), (ii) ≥26 years of age at the first marriage (AOR = 0.379, p<0.05), (iii) twice or more marriage (AOR = 0.214, p<0.01), (iv) conjugal life of ≥16 years (AOR = 0.410, p<0.05), (v) having no child (AOR = 6.343, p<0.01) and (vi) having 1–2 children (AOR = 6.190, p<0.01), (vii) medical comorbidity (AOR = 0.421, p<0.01), (viii) mental comorbidity (AOR = 0.253, p<0.01), (ix) stress-anxiety (AOR = 0.311, p<0.01), (x) family history of mental disorders (AOR = 0.059, p<0.01), (xi) family history of suicide/suicide attempt (AOR = 0.009, p<0.01), (xii) substance abuse (AOR = 0.065, p<0.01), (xiii) poor relationship with spouse (AOR = 0.209, p<0.01), and (xiv) poor relationship with other family members (AOR = 0.347, p<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of suicidality is remarkable in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh. The government and non-government agencies can use the findings of this study to identify the vulnerable groups and undertake measures for preventing and reducing suicidality.

Dating Violence and Associated Factors Among Male and Female Adolescents in Spain

Background: Dating Violence (DV) is a public health problem that is on the rise. In this paper, we aim to analyse different factors associated with DV victimization among female and male adolescents in Spain, considering socioeconomic circumstances, sexual orientation and the presence of different attitudes and experiences related to violence. Methods: Cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of 640 ever-partnered adolescents aged 13 to 17 at schools in the cities of Alicante (n=359, 50.1% girls) and Terrassa (n=281, 51.9%) in the context of an educational intervention to promote healthy relationships. We calculated the prevalence of different forms of DV (physical, sexual and control and fear) and carried out multivariate regression models by sex. Results: 5.5% of girls and 8.7% of boys declared having suffered lifetime physical and/or sexual violence, while 22% of girls and 20.5% of boys reported control and/or fear victimization. The likelihood of DV was higher among migrants and those with foreign-born parents (aPR girls=2.1 CI95%: 1.1-3.9; aPR boys= 1.9: CI95%: 1.0-3.6); prior experiences of abuse (aPR girls= 1.6; CI95%: 1.0-2.6; aPR boys= 1.7; CI95%: 1.1-2.6); and those who showed higher levels of machismo (aPR girls= 1.0; CI95%: 1.0-1.1; aPR boys= 1.0; CI95%: 1.0-1.1). In girls, DV increased among those who reported lesbian/bisexual orientation and poor relationship with teachers.Conclusions: DV is socially patterned and increases among LGB adolescents, migrants, and those with foreign-born parents. Future DV prevention programs should reinforce adolescents’ abilities to recognize social support sources and reject machismo and violence.

Associations between Relationship Quality and Mental Health during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom

This study investigated the association of relationship quality with several well-being measures during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom. An online survey was conducted on a study sample (n = 682) measuring relationship quality with the Quality of Marriage Index, and well-being measures including quality of life (WHO-QoL BREF), well-being (WHO-5), perceived stress (PSS-10), depressive (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7) symptoms. Good relationship quality goes along with higher scores in well-being (WHO-5), quality of life (WHO-QoL BREF), psychological domain, physical health, social relationships, environment, and reduced scores in stress (PSS-10), depressive (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) symptoms compared with poor relationship quality (p < 0.001). Moreover, 21% of participants living in relationships with poor quality stated that they drink significantly more alcohol since the initial COVID-19 restrictions, compared to 10% of participants with good quality (p = 0.002). Living in a good relationship seems to be an advantage, whereas those with poor relationship quality are particularly more burdened and drink significantly more alcohol during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression in Chinese women: a meta-analysis

BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) has been identified as a recognized public health problem that may adversely affect mothers, infants, and family units. Recent studies have identified risk factors for PPD in Westerners; however, societal and cultural differences between China and the West could, potentially, lead to differences in risk factors for PPD. No comprehensive study has been conducted to collect all the evidence to provide estimates of psychological and social risk factors in China. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively assess all studies meeting the review’s eligibility criteria and identify the psychological and social risk factors for PPD in Chinese women.MethodsThe following databases were used in the literature search from their inception until December 2020: PubMed, Embase, Foreign Medical Literature Retrieval Service (FMRS), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China Biology Medicine disc (CBM). The quality was assessed through Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. The I2statistic was used to quantify heterogeneity. We extracted data for meta-analysis and generated pooled-effect estimates from a fixed-effects model. Pooled estimates from a random-effects model were also generated if significant heterogeneity was present. Funnel plot asymmetry tests were used to check for publication bias. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager version 5.3 software.ResultsFrom a total of 1175 identified studies, 51 were included in the analysis. Prenatal depression (OR 7.70; 95% CI 6.02–9.83) and prenatal anxiety (OR 7.07; 95% CI 4.12–12.13) were major risk factors for PPD. A poor economic foundation (OR 3.67; 95% CI 3.07–4.37) and a poor relationship between husband and wife (OR 3.56; 95% CI 2.95–4.28) were moderate risk factors. Minor risk factors included a poor relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law (OR 2.89; 95% CI 2.12–3.95), a lack of social support (OR 2.57; 95% CI 2.32–2.85), unplanned pregnancy (OR 2.55; 95% CI 2.08–3.14), and poor living conditions (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.92–3.10), mother-in-law as the caregiver (1.95; 95% CI 1.54–2.48) .ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a number of psychological and social risk factors for PPD in Chinese women. The major and moderate risk factors are prenatal depression, prenatal anxiety, a poor economic foundation, and a poor relationship between husband and wife. These findings have potential implications for informing preventive efforts and modifying screening to target at-risk populations.

Cohabitation and Its Consequences in Ghana

Although largely considered an unconventional form of domestic partnership, cohabitation is a growing phenomenon in Ghana. The lived experiences of cohabiting couples have, however, received little scholarly attention. Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted with cohabiting couples in Accra, Ghana, this study focuses on the implications of cohabitation on cohabitees. The data showed that cohabitees often face pressures from their families, churches, friends, and neighbors to either convert their unions to marriage or end the relationships. The relationships are also characterized by intimate partner violence and poor relationship quality. Women, more than men, tend to suffer these consequences of cohabitation. The study’s general conclusion is that the implications of cohabitation are mostly negative, and the gendered nature of the experiences reflects the sociocultural landscape of the Ghanaian society and how men and women are viewed differently in terms of their marital status.

Depression among Adolescents of Rural Nepal: A Community-Based Study

This community-based study is aimed at finding out the prevalence of depression, and its correlates among adolescents of rural Nepal. Data were collected among adolescents after multistage stratified proportionate random sampling by using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess the depression among adolescent. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were applied. The prevalence of depression was found to be 27%. Adolescents who were not satisfied with their academic performance were 2.4 times more likely to have the risk of depression ( AOR = 2.417 , CI: 1.097-5.326). Likewise, tobacco users were almost fourteen times ( AOR = 13.858 , CI: 2.090-91.90), who intended to harm themselves were two times ( AOR = 2.323 , CI: 1.078-5.005), sleep deprivation were fifteen folds ( AOR = 14.911 , CI: 7.376-30.145), often scolded by their parents was almost three times ( AOR = 2.931 , CI: 1.195-7.436), and having poor relationship with friends were 2.4 times more likely ( AOR = 2.371 , CI: 1.078-5.215) of having depression. Sleep deprivation has a long-term negative impact on health leading depression.