scholarly journals Jihad dan Anti Kafir dalam Geger Cilegon 1888

Tsaqofah ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ahmad Maftuh Sujana ◽  
Saeful Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The People ◽  
Peasant Society ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Heavy Work ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

Colonial exploitation that occurred in the 19th century in the archipelago. Creating conditions that can encourage people to carry out social movements that are dominated by continuous economic, political and cultural conditions and have led to the disorganization of traditional societies and their institutions. The entry of the Dutch in the 19th century began to cause enormous problems for the people of Banten, because the changes made by the Dutch government changed the system of government created by the Sultanate of Banten. From the traditional government structure switched to the Modern (European) government system. This has a negative impact on the structure of people's lives. Banten Ulama with the spirit of jihad, the spirit of anti-Islam, sometimes even the spirit of Nativism and Revivalism, became the driving force for various social movements that flourished in the 19th century. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries this movement was a historical symptom of the indigenous peasant society. Almost all of these social movements occur due to high tax collections and heavy work that puts pressure on farmers. So that in this case, the kiai's leadership in carrying out the movement against the invaders is all based on the same motivation and conditions, namely maintaining aqidah and worship. Against munkar, polytheism and kufr which are carried out in the framework of munkar ma'ruf nahyi deeds. Everything is based on sincerity to fortify Islam from the influence that damages Islamic aqidah, worship and mu'amalah. This is clearly manifested in the history of struggle which was marked by Ulama throughout the archipelago

Brief outline of the history of world epidemics-pandemics Part II. Cholera nineteenth

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
O.E. Fedorenko ◽  
К.V. Коlyadenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cholera Vibrio ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imminent Death ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century

An epidemic of any infectious disease is an invisible ruthless enemy that cannot be defeated by military, political, economic or ideological means. Humanity always reacts to such threats quite nervously and subconsciously tries to mythologize them, at least a little, in order to somehow psychologically protect itself from the real fear of imminent death. Since there is no rational defense against such a threat, people for the most part react in an irrational manner.The 19th century, almost the same as the previous centuries, «started» in epidemiological terms almost from the very beginning of its calendar. Only in contrast to the previous 18th century, the main and dominant danger was posed by another infectious pathology — cholera.In the history of medicine, over the 19th century, as many as six outbreaks of cholera epidemics were recorded since 1817. The first of them began in East Bengal and lasted 8 years (1817—1824), gradually, covering almost all India and big regions of the Middle East. It was worsened by the traditional travels of both Hindu and Muslim pilgrims to «holy places» who spread Vibrio cholerae on foot and through active communication with local residents.One of the significant reasons why cholera epidemic continued with minimal interruptions for almost the entire nineteenth century was an insufficient level of scientific knowledge in microbiology and the resulting ignorance of the causative agent of cholera — vibrio and its properties.Another factor was a complete lack of understanding by society of the need to observe at least the simplest sanitary standards in everyday life. And there was also misunderstanding among the leadership which tried to limit the next outbreak of cholera mainly by administrative measures without adequate explanations of their essence and necessity to the population.

scholarly journals Institute of Reconciliation in the History of Russian Criminal Justice (Pre-Revolutionary Period)

2021 ◽  
pp. 025-034
Author(s):  
E. V. Popadenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The emergence, formation and development of the institution of reconciliation of the parties as a means of resolving legal conflicts have a long history. The origins of reconciliation were primarily laid down in rituals, and later were reflected in laws. At the same time, the institution of reconciliation is mentioned in almost all major history law documents - from Russian Truth to the Judicial Statutes of 1864.Thus, the article shows the development of the institution of reconciliation in Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. The traditions of brother-making and refusal of blood feud are replaced by the procedure for apologizing and filing a reconciliation petition. The article shows how the complication of social relations gradually changed the position towards crime – firstly it was perceived as an insult to a person, but with the strengthening of state power it was seen as an unlawful act, violation of the norms established by the state, where the latter is almost always considered the main victim. This, accordingly, affected the change in attitudes towards the institution of reconciliation – from stimulating the rule-maker to the peaceful settlement of criminal-legal conflicts by the parties to the establishment of a ban on reconciliation in most categories of criminal cases.

scholarly journals The Role of ‘Ulama (Arabic Scholars) In The 19th Century Yoruba Nation And Politics

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-74
Author(s):  
A. O. Hashimi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The People ◽  
Muslim Immigrants ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The 19Th Century

The nineteenth Century was a revolutionary period in the history of societies, kingdoms and empires in Yorubaland. The Century witnessed profound and irreversible social, religious and political transformations in the lives of the people who lived in the region. Both internal and external factors were responsible for these processes of change. The consequential events centred on commerce, politics, religion, warfare, intra-and intergroup relations, and reform and adjustment to new ways of life. This paper describes the activities of the Muslims in the 19th century Yoruba Politics, and the significant roles played by the ‘Ulama in the period under study. Islam was introduced to Yorubaland before the 19th century, and the population was reinforced by the ingress of Muslim immigrants and Hausa slaves who were brought to Oyo Empire. In this diverse group different roles were played by the Muslim community and the ‘Ulama (clerics). The activities of the Muslims had momentous impact on 19th century Yoruba politics in different ways as recorded in Arabic documents and other historical materials. In the course of time, Muslims occupied positions of great authority in royal administration. They used their position to promote Islam. This paper argues that the roles of the ‘Ulama in the political transformation and social change in Yorubaland was so important that its impact is felt till today.

scholarly journals A brief history of the term ‘habitable zone’ in the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Manasvi Lingam
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Habitable Zone ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Planetary Habitability

Abstract The appellation ‘habitable zone’ in astrobiology in sooth evinces an overlooked and winding history that can be traced back to the 19th century. This paper sketches how this term from geography was generalized to encompass planetary habitability. The people involved in this narrative are numerous, but the bulk of their musings were rather nebulous. Yet, during this period appear the first true insights, although sadly this saga is not altogether sans blights.

scholarly journals Pszichometria Magyarországon a 20. század első felében

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Vajda Zsuzsanna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Skills ◽  
Mental Testing ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kulcsszavak: az értelmi képességek mérése, gyerekek és az iskola, a képességmérés bevezetése MagyarországonA modern pszichológia megszületésében - ezt a pszichológushallgatók már a bevezető kurzusokon megtanulják – alapvető szerepet játszott, hogy a 19. század derekára létrejöttek a mentális funkciók mérésének elvi és gyakorlati lehetőségei. Az egyszerűbb megismerő funkciók (érzékelés, emlékezés) mellett az értelmi képességek jelentették az első komplex emberi sajátosságot, amelynek mérésével a kutatók kísérleteztek. A koponya- és agytérfogat- vizsgálatoktól nem túlságosan hosszú út vezetett az értelem teljesítmény alapú méréséig, amelynek legsikeresebb változata a mai módszerekre is hatást gyakorló Alfred Binet nevéhez fűződik. Binet módszere gyorsan elterjedt a világ fejlettebbik felében, alig néhány éven belül Magyarországra is eljutott. Vajon tartogat-e érdekességeket a több, mint egy évszázaddal ezelőtt zajlott hazai adaptáció bemutatása a mai olvasónak?Key words: measurement of mental capacities, children and schooling, introduction of mental testing in Hungary.By the end of  the 19th century many attempts had been made for the sake of measurement of mental capacities. It was nevertheless a theoretical and a practical need: having „objective” data about human skills  was a condition of becoming psychology as „science”. Hence educators wanted to learn more about cognitive development of children  and to understand why certain children could not keep up with their peers in the classrooms of schools. In the early 19ties Binet and Simon’s  test gained ground in Europe and United States and it has been soon introduced into Hungary  too. This paper gives a surway of the history of its introduction, its social and historical background and the people who took part in it.

The History of Gilgit-Baltistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafqat Hussain
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Full Member ◽  
The People ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan ◽  
Chinese Travelers

The Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) region in northern Pakistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas of Pakistan, has a long history. The people of the region, described as Dards, are mentioned by classical Greek and Roman historians and in sacred Hindu texts. This early history (3rd century ce–10th century ce) of the region shows it as ruled by the Kushan, Chinese, and Tibetan empires. In the 7th-century accounts of Chinese travelers and 8th- and 9th-century Arabic and Persian chronicles, the region is named as Palolo or Bolor in Arabic. It is also mentioned in the 10th-century Persian chronicle Hodud al-ʿĀlam, the 11th-century Kashmiri classic Rajatarangini, and the 16th-century Tarikh-e-Rushdi of Mirza Haider Dughlat, a chronicler of the Mughal emperor Akbar’s court. The colonial history of the region began with the forays of the Dogra generals of Gulab Singh, the Raja of Jammu in the first half of the 19th century. It is this history of foreign invasions and local rebellions that lies at the heart of the confusion that surrounds the legal, political, and constitutional status of the region to this day. The successive invasions of local Rajas from Jammu and later on from Kashmir, then of the British, as well as the region’s attachment to Pakistan have resulted in multiple claims and counterclaims of sovereignty. Today, the region is mired in the intractable dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. At one point in the late 19th century, the Kashmir state, the British, and the Chinese all simultaneously laid claim on the small kingdom of Hunza. Between 1947 and 1974, the Pakistani government administered GB in much the same way as the British had done, that is, without political representation of the region in the national Parliament. The history of GB since Partition has been essentially a history of its struggle to become a full member of the Pakistani state. This history is fascinating as a case of graded sovereignty. Some piecemeal reforms and agonizingly slow implementation of those reforms since the 1950s has occurred. The hope of the local people in 1947 that they would join the Pakistani federation as a province, as other regions of the country, has essentially remained unrealized.

On the Characteristics of Post-Secularity in the Light of Russian Secularization History: Orthodox Clergy as the Instrument of the Modern in Russia from the 18th to the First Half of the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Abbot Vitaly Utkin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Jürgen Habermas ◽  
Jurgen Habermas ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author examines the characteristics of Post-Secularity as the continuation of the modern in the history of Russian secularization in the 18th – first half of the 19th century using the methodology of Jürgen Habermas. The author views the Orthodox clergy of Russian Church as one of “the instruments” of the modern in Russia. The ideology of the clergy, while preserving the sacred dogmatic and liturgical fundamentals, was rationalized down to the limit due to ecclesiastic education based on the studies of Latin. In the eyes of the state power the clergy was some kind of petty officials meant to play the civilizing role for the people. And that resulted in the disagreement of the ideology of the clergy and Russian peasantry that was very vividly demonstrated in the course of popular uprisings, – and most of all in the so-called “Potato Riots”.

Typology of the Currents of Cultural Populism. Herald of Omsk University

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4 (28)) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Gennady N. Mokshin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is devoted to the cultural populism of the last third of the 19th century, which united the supporters of the peaceful cultural and educational activities of the intelligentsia among the people; analyzes the difficulties associated with the problem of conceptualizing the history of this direction; the author’s approach to the classification of the leading trends of cultural populism is substantiated and the views of their leaders are characterized.

Non-Russian Mythology and Folklore in the Volga Travelogue of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Lyudmila N. Sarbash ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Material Functions ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Volga Travelogue is a large layer of travel essays in the 19th-century Russian literature. This layer has not become a subject of special research in literature studies. The “journey along the Volga” is distinguished by the wide diversity of issues and themes it discusses: the economic and industrial activities of the region, its cultural and historical sights, the uniqueness of the Volga region in an ethnographic perspective – of the multifaceted “Volga region resident”. One of the structural components of the travelogue is the Volga mythology and folklore: historical-geographical and cultural-ethnic information is supplemented with legends of the ancient Volga, Russian and non- Russian (Tatar, Mordovian, German, Kalmyk) legends. Describing the “non-Russian Volga”, writers refer to the national aspects of the life of different nationalities, the most important archetypes of their consciousness. A characteristic feature of N.P. Bogolyubov’s travelogue The Volga from Tver to Astrakhan is the non-Russian word as a marker of cultural identity: it is invariably present in the description of national customs. Telling about the “Mordovian places” of the Volga region, Bogolyubov describes specific rituals associated with the birth of a baby and with burials. The Muslim as a different national and cultural tradition of the Volga region particularly attracts writers’ attention. M.I. Nevzorov, in his Journey to Kazan, Vyatka and Orenburg in 1800, tells about the spiritual and religious experience of the Tatar people: writes about the ontological constants, acquaints the reader with epigraphic culture representing Muslims’ existential ideas about people and the universe. S. Monastyrsky, in his Illustrated companion along the Volga, presents Tatar legends about the winged snake Jilantau, about the “Black Chamber” and the khan’s daughter. These legends express the religious and poetic ideas of the people. Telling about the local cultural and mythological tradition is a characteristic feature of the Russian travelogue: an autochthon is represented by its ethnocultural identity. Folklore material functions in structural parallels – multilingual sources: V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, in his travelogue The Great River: Pictures from the Life and Nature on the Volga, gives two – Russian and Mordovian – versions of the legend about “Polonyanka”, and notes the particular poetry of the non-Russian text. In the combination of various – Tatar, Russian, Kalmyk – cultural and national constants of the lower Volga. German characterology is particularly expressed. A German legend associated with biblical material about the history of the prophet Elijah’s wandering through the desert to Sarepta of Sidon is fixed in the travelogues of Ya.P. Kuchin, S. Monastyrsky, and A.P. Valueva. The legend conveys the historical “memory of the place” – the foundation of the Sarepta colony. In the travelogues of V. Sidorov, N. Bogolyubov, descriptions of Buddhist Kalmyks, with their way of life, khuruls and gelyungs, are supplemented with Kalmyk legends about the Bogdo-Ola mountain. Folklore and mythology as categories of a non-native cultural text complicate the artistic system of the travelogue and contribute to the poetic comprehension of the poly-ethnic and poly-confessional Volga region.

scholarly journals THE ORIGIN OF QUBA KHANS: NEW VERSION

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-148
Author(s):  
Bedirhan E. Eskenderov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Dynasty ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the origin of the rulers of the Quba Khanate, which was located in the North-East of the modern Azerbaijan Republic. A.-K. Bakikhanov in his work "Golestan-e Eram" states that the Quba khans were direct descendants of the yangikent line of the kaitag utsmi, to which the Quba khanate was handed over to the hereditary possession of the Shah of Persia. Basing on the book by Bakikhanov, a well-known scholar-caucasiologist A.P. Berzhe deduced the ancestry of the Quba khans with indication of dates of birth and death of members of their family.The application of the comparative method of studying the sources about the Quba khans and all the peripeteias of their appearance and rule reveals significant differences both in the history of their rule and in the dates of life and death of several members of the khan family with the data given by A. K. Bakikhanov and A.P. Berzhe.As a result of the critical analysis of the sources, it was possible to find out both the controversial nature of the circumstances of the appearance in the Quba territory described in Golestan-e Eram and the failure of Bakikhanov's theory on the continuous rule of a single dynasty in Quba until the elimination of the khanate by the Russian power in the 19th century. The study revealed that the Quba khanate was ruled not by one but by two dynasties. The first dynasty was of an unknown origin, possibly presented by the people from Kaitag utsmi's line. However, it was discontinued at the very beginning of the 18th century. The new dynasty was replaced by another one, the ancestor of which, according to legends, was a certain “Lezgi Ahmed”. The second dynasty ruled until the beginning of the 19th century, after which the khans' rule in Quba was over. Unfortunately, some of the issues of interest remain unanswered, as we could not find any information that sheds light on them.

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