PEMBUATAN SIRUP GLUKOSA DARI KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa acuminatabalbisianacolla) SECARA ENZIMATIS

Abstrak Sebagai salah satu Negara penghasil minyak kelapa sawit mentah (CPO), Indonesia juga menghasilkan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dalam jumlah besar. TKKS terdiri dari-tiga-komponen utama, yaitu selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin. Pengolahan awal TKKS secara alkalindi ikuti dengan hidrolisis TKKS secara enzimatik menggunakan kombinasi enzim selulase dan β-glukosidase akan menghasilkan gula-gula yang mudah difermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi substrat, kon-sentrasi enzim, dan suhu selama proses hidrolisis berlangsung. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi gula maksimum (194,78 g/L) dicapai pada konsentrasi TKKS 20% (b/v), konsentrasi campuran enzim yang terdiri dari selulase dan β-1,4 glukosidase sebesar 3,85% (v/v), dan suhu 50oC. Perbandingan antara selulase dan β-1,4 glukosidase adalah 5:1 dengan masing-masing aktivitas enzim sebesar 144.5 FPU/mL dan 63 FPU/mL. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika yang sesuai untuk proses hidrolisis TKKS secara enzimatik adalah model kinetika Shen dan Agblevor dengan reakside aktivasi enzim orde satu. Hasil ini mendukung studi kelayakan ekonomi dalam pemanfaatan TKKS untuk produksi bioetanol.AbstractAs one of the crude palm oil producers, Indonesia also produces empty fruit bunches (EFB)in large quantities. The oil palm EFB consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Alkaline pretreatment of EFB, followed by enzymatic hydro-lysis of cellulose using combination of cellulase and β-glucosidase enzymes produce fermentable sugars. This paper reported the effects of substrate loading, enzyme concentration, and temperature of hydrolysis process on reducing sugar production. The maximum sugar concentration (194.78 g/L) was produced at 50oC using 20% (w/v) EFB and 3.85% (v/v) mixed enzymes of cellulase and β-1,4 glucosidase in volume ratio of 5:1 (v/v), with enzyme activity of 144.5 FPU/mL and 63 FPU/mL, respectively. The results also showed that the suitable kinetic model for enzymatic hydrolysis process of oil palm EFB follow Shen and Agblevor model with first order of enzyme deactivation. These results support the economic feasibility study in utilization of EFB of oil palm for bioethanol production.

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DEGRADASI KOMPONEN SELULOSA, HEMISELULOSA, DAN PATI TEPUNG KULIT UBI KAYU MENJADI GULA REDUKSI OLEH Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, DAN Acremonium sp. IMI 383068

JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI ◽

10.19184/j-agt.v13i01.7868 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (01) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Jay Jayus ◽

Ahmad Nafi' ◽

Anis Shabrina Hanifa

Keyword(s):

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Hydrolytic Enzyme ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Mixed Cultures ◽

Single Strain ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Cassava Peels ◽

Cassava Peel ◽

Single Enzyme

As the solid waste produced from cassava processing industry such as tapioca factory or its derivatives, the cassava peel is potential to be use as a source of reducing sugar through hydrolysis process, since the peels contains a high amount of starch and lignocellulose components. The more environmentally friendly enzymatic hydrolysis using several microorganisms will be introduced in this study as an alternative to avoid the unsafe acid hydrolysis. However, the hydrolysis process using a single microorganism is not efficient since the hydrolytic enzyme produced is limited to a single enzyme, while the component in the cassava peels to be hydrolyzed is diverse which include cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose and starch. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the hydrolysis process by combining several microorganisms (A. niger, T. viride and Acremonium sp. IMI 383068) which produced different specificity of hydrolytic enzyme depending on the substrate available in the cassava peels. The aims of this research were to determine the effect of single and mixed culture on the amount of reducing sugar released during the simultaneous cultivation. The result showed that the use of simultaneous mixed cultures during hydrolysis process was able to produce higher reducing sugar compare to that of single culture. The hydrolysis of cassava flour using a single strain of A. niger, T. viride and Acremonium sp. IMI 383068 respectively produced 4.86 g/L, 4.02 g/L, and 1.68 g/L of reducing sugar, while the hydrolysis of it using simultaneous mixed cultures of A. niger, T. viride, and Acremonium sp. IMI 383068 produced 7.23 g/L of reducing sugar. Keywords: cassava peels, hydrolysis, reducing sugar

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The effect of organosolv pretreatment on optimization of hydrolysis process to produce the reducing sugar

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201815401022 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 154 ◽

pp. 01022 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fibrillian Zata Lini ◽

Tri Widjaja ◽

Nuniek Hendrianie ◽

Ali Altway ◽

Siti Nurkhamidah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reducing Sugars ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Organosolv Pretreatment ◽

Operation Condition ◽

Renewable Raw Materials ◽

Coffee Pulp ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Coffee Pulp Waste ◽

Central Composite

As the fossil energy decrease such as petroleum and natural gas, that are encourages a lot of research to develop new sources of energy from renewable raw materials. One of the source is through reducing sugar (glucose and xylose) obtained from coffee pulp waste; this is due to abundant production of coffee pulp every year reaching 743 kg/ha. In addition, this waste has not been used optimally and the cellulose and hemicellulose content of the coffee is high. The purpose of this study is to get the optimal operating condition for reducing sugar production from coffee pulp waste. The method used for optimization is Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design. The optimum operation condition obtained was pH 4.63 at 34ºC for 16.29 hours of hydrolysis. As a result, the predicted yield gained was 0.147 grams of reducing sugars / gram of cellulose+hemicellulose. The result indicates the gained yield was 0.137 grams of reducing sugars / gram of cellulose+hemicellulose.

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Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted on Sequential Peracetic Acid and Alkaline Peroxide Pretreatment to The Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

10.21203/rs.3.rs-284744/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dwini Normayulisa Putri ◽

Meka Saima Perdani ◽

Masafumi Yohda ◽

Tania Surya Utami ◽

Muhamad Sahlan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Peracetic Acid ◽

Enzyme Concentration ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Hydrolysis Time ◽

Alkaline Peroxide ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Abstract Enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) that has been pretreated by modified pretreatment has been investigated in this study. The OPEFB used was pretreated by using sequential peracetic acid – alkaline peroxide solution. As the modification method, the assistance of pretreatment by ultrasound was conducted, in order to increase the enzyme accessibility. Therefore, it enhances the production of reducing sugar on the hydrolysis process. Prior to hydrolysis process, OPEFB was initially treated by using peracetic acid solution, comprise of CH3COOH (> 99%) and H2O2 (30% w/w), assisted by ultrasound for 3 hours at 35oC. Afterwards, OPEFB was treated by using alkaline peroxide solution, comprise of NaOH (40% w/w) and H2O2 (35% w/w), assisted by ultrasound for 10 hours at 35oC. OPEFB that has been pretreated was then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis process using cellulase enzyme, in order to convert cellulose content into reducing sugar. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out at 50oC in a shaker incubator with 150 rpm for 48 hours. In this study, the effect of different enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time towards the sugar concentration in modified-pretreated OPEFB was observed and analyzed. Three different concentrations of enzyme were used, including 1.25, 2.5, and 5 g/L, and reducing sugar concentrations were analyzed at 30 and 45 minutes, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 30, and 48 hours. Based on results, enzyme concentration has a significant effect to the production of reducing sugar. The reducing sugar concentrations obtained at the end of the hydrolysis process were 8.48, 11.06, 19.16 g/L, at the enzyme concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 g/L, respectively. At any hydrolysis time, the highest sugar concentration has been achieved on the highest enzyme concentration of 5 g/L. Moreover, the effective hydrolysis time were achieved at 6 hours, at all concentration of enzyme, since the production of reducing sugar were insignificant after 6 hours. This study showed an increase in reducing sugar production by 8.25% in the hydrolysis process using OPEFB pretreated by modified pretreatment compared to the non-modified pretreatment.

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IMPROVEMENT OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM LOW GRADE AND DAMAGED LONGAN FRUITS WITH THERMAL PRETREATMENT AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS

10.37516/global.j.sci.eng.2020.011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

TU VY THUY NGUYEN ◽

YUWALEE UNPAPROM ◽

PIYAPAT CHAICHOMPOO ◽

RAMESHPRABU RAMARAJ

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Low Grade ◽

Sugar Production ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Thermal Pretreatment ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Different Types ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Pretreatment is a vital step in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass and the successive production of bioethanol. The present study is focused on thermal pretreatment (boiling & autoclave) methods of low grade and damaged longan fruits using three different types of the enzymatic sources from commercial cellulase, an enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes (i.e., commercial cellulase with algal enzyme). Total sugar production after the hydrolysis process from commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes were 326.41 ± 08.97 g/L, 348.68 ± 01.95 g/L and 368.42 ± 01.16 g/L, respectively. Reducing sugar after the hydrolysis process generated from commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes was 182.54 ± 03.05 g/L, 183.33 ± 04.70 g/L and 297.78 ± 02.94 g/L, respectively. Fermentation of these hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5020 produced the highest ethanol production from using commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes was 16.74 ± 0.62 g/L, 5.38 ± 0.54 g/L and 14.32 ± 1.89 g/L, respectively. Consequently, this study suggested that suitable pretreatment and hydrolysis processes are performing a significant role in bioethanol production from low grade and damaged longan fruits.

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Enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch to produce reducing sugar and its kinetic Hidrolisis enzimatik tandan kosong kelapa sawit untuk menghasilkan gula pereduksi dan kinetikanya

E-Journal Menara Perkebunan ◽

10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v83i1.12 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vera BARLIANTI ◽

Deliana DAHNUM ◽

. MURYANTO ◽

Eka TRIWAHYUNI ◽

Yosi ARISTIAWAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Enzyme Concentration ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

First Order ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Abstrak Sebagai salah satu Negara penghasil minyak kelapa sawit mentah (CPO), Indonesia juga menghasilkan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dalam jumlah besar. TKKS terdiri dari-tiga-komponen utama, yaitu selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin. Pengolahan awal TKKS secara alkalindi ikuti dengan hidrolisis TKKS secara enzimatik menggunakan kombinasi enzim selulase dan β-glukosidase akan menghasilkan gula-gula yang mudah difermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi substrat, kon-sentrasi enzim, dan suhu selama proses hidrolisis berlangsung. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi gula maksimum (194,78 g/L) dicapai pada konsentrasi TKKS 20% (b/v), konsentrasi campuran enzim yang terdiri dari selulase dan β-1,4 glukosidase sebesar 3,85% (v/v), dan suhu 50oC. Perbandingan antara selulase dan β-1,4 glukosidase adalah 5:1 dengan masing-masing aktivitas enzim sebesar 144.5 FPU/mL dan 63 FPU/mL. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika yang sesuai untuk proses hidrolisis TKKS secara enzimatik adalah model kinetika Shen dan Agblevor dengan reakside aktivasi enzim orde satu. Hasil ini mendukung studi kelayakan ekonomi dalam pemanfaatan TKKS untuk produksi bioetanol.AbstractAs one of the crude palm oil producers, Indonesia also produces empty fruit bunches (EFB)in large quantities. The oil palm EFB consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Alkaline pretreatment of EFB, followed by enzymatic hydro-lysis of cellulose using combination of cellulase and β-glucosidase enzymes produce fermentable sugars. This paper reported the effects of substrate loading, enzyme concentration, and temperature of hydrolysis process on reducing sugar production. The maximum sugar concentration (194.78 g/L) was produced at 50oC using 20% (w/v) EFB and 3.85% (v/v) mixed enzymes of cellulase and β-1,4 glucosidase in volume ratio of 5:1 (v/v), with enzyme activity of 144.5 FPU/mL and 63 FPU/mL, respectively. The results also showed that the suitable kinetic model for enzymatic hydrolysis process of oil palm EFB follow Shen and Agblevor model with first order of enzyme deactivation. These results support the economic feasibility study in utilization of EFB of oil palm for bioethanol production.

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Biological pretreatment of corn stover for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis using Bacillus sp. P3

Bioresources and Bioprocessing ◽

10.1186/s40643-021-00445-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yanwen Wu ◽

Haipeng Guo ◽

Md. Shafiqur Rahman ◽

Xuantong Chen ◽

Jinchi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Corn Stover ◽

Fermentation Broth ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Enzymatic Saccharification ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Biological Pretreatment ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Hemicellulose Removal ◽

Hydrolysis Of

AbstractThe biological pretreatment for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses depends exclusively on the effective pretreatment process. Herein, we report a significant enhancement of enzymatic saccharification obtained with corn stover using a bacterial strain Bacillus sp. P3. The hemicellulose removal from corn stover by the strain Bacillus sp. P3 was evaluated for enhancing subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, our study revealed that an alkaline-resistant xylanase as well as other enzymes produced by Bacillus sp. P3 in fermentation broth led to a substantially enhanced hemicellulose removal rate from corn stover within pH 9.36–9.68. However, after a 20-day pretreatment of corn stover by the strain P3, the glucan content was increased by 51% and the xylan content was decreased by 35%. After 72 h of saccharification using 20 U/g of commercial cellulase, the yield of reducing sugar released from 20-day pretreated corn stover was increased by 56% in comparison to the untreated corn stover. Therefore, the use of the strain P3 could be a promising approach to pretreat corn stover for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of industrial bioenergy productions.

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Effective valorization of barley bran for simultaneous cellulase and β-amylase production by Paenibacillus chitinolyticus CKS1: Statistical optimization and enzymes application

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc170514092m ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1223-1236 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Katarina Mihajlovski ◽

Sladjana Davidovic ◽

Djordje Veljovic ◽

Milica Carevic ◽

Vesna Lazic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Starch Structure ◽

Cotton Fibres ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Paenibacillus Sp ◽

Amylase Production ◽

Barley Bran ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

By Products

The agricultural raw industry generates large amounts of annually by- -products that create disposal problems. Hitherto, there have been no reported papers about the simultaneous production of cellulase and ?-amylase from these raw materials using Paenibacillus sp. that would reduce the costs. Thus, in this paper simultaneous cellulase (CMC-ase and avicelase) and ?-amylase production using barley bran and the application of the natural isolate Paenibacillus chitinolyticus CKS1 and potential enzymes in the hydrolysis process was studied. Response surface methodology was used to obtain the maximum enzyme activity (CMC-ase 0.405 U mL-1, avicelase 0.433 U mL-1 and ?-amylase 1.594U mL-1). Scanning electron microscopy showed degradation of the lignocellulosic?starch structure of barley bran after fermentation. The CKS1 bacterial supernatant, which contains cellulases and ?-amylase, could hydrolyze cotton fibres and barley bran, respectively. The main products after enzymatic hydrolysis of cotton fibres and barley bran, glucose (0.117 g gmat -1) and maltose (0.347 g gmat -1), were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The produced enzymes could be used for hydrolysis of cotton fabric and barley bran to glucose and maltose, respectively. Application of simultaneous enzymes production using an agricultural by-product is economically and environmentally accepted and moreover, valuable biotechnological products, such as glucose and maltose, were obtained in this investigation.

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Effect of Severity Factor on the Subcritical Water and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coconut Husk for Reducing Sugar Production

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.15.3.8870.786-797 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 786-797

Author(s):

Maktum Muharja ◽

Nur Fadhilah ◽

Rizki Fitria Darmayanti ◽

Hanny Frans Sangian ◽

Tantular Nurtono ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Biomass Conversion ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Sugar Yield ◽

Sugar Production ◽

Severity Factor ◽

Coconut Husk ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Preventing the further degradation of monomeric or oligomeric sugar into by-product during biomass conversion is one of the challenges for fermentable sugar production. In this study, the performance of subcritical water (SCW) and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk toward reducing sugar production was investigated using a severity factor (SF) approach. Furthermore, the optimal condition of SCW was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where the composition changes of lignocellulose and sugar yield as responses. From the results, at low SF of SCW, sugar yield escalated as increasing SF value. In the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the effect of SCW pressure is a significant factor enhancing sugar yield. A maximum total sugar yield was attained on the mild SF condition of 2.86. From this work, it was known that the SF approach is sufficient parameter to evaluate the SCW and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Improvement of Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose-Containing Raw Materials Using Aspergillus niger

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9081360 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1360

Author(s):

Ekaterina Budenkova ◽

Stanislav Sukhikh ◽

Svetlana Ivanova ◽

Olga Babich ◽

Vyacheslav Dolganyuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Enzymatic Saccharification ◽

Wood Chip ◽

Cellulase Activity ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Acid Pretreatment ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose-containing raw materials, using Aspergillus niger, were studied. Filter paper, secondary cellulose-containing or starch-containing raw materials, miscanthus cellulose after alkaline or acid pretreatment, and wood chip cellulose, were used as substrates. The study focused on a wild A. niger strain, treated, or not (control), by ultraviolet (UV) irradiations for 45, 60, or 120 min (UV45, UV60, or UV120), or by UV irradiation for 120 min followed by a chemical treatment with NaN3 + ItBr for 30 min or 80 min (UV120 + CH30 or UV120 + CH80). A mixture of all the A. niger strains (MIX) was also tested. A citrate buffer, at 50 mM, wasthe most suitable for enzymatic hydrolysis. As the UV exposure time increased to 2 h, the cellulase activity of the surviving culturewas increased (r = 0.706; p < 0.05). The enzymatic activities of the obtained strains, towards miscanthus cellulose, wood chips, and filter paper, were inferior to those obtained with commercial enzymes (8.6 versus 9.1 IU), in some cases. Under stationary hydrolysis at 37 °C, pH = 4.7, the enzymatic activity of A. niger UV120 + CH30 was 24.9 IU. The enzymatic hydrolysis of secondary raw materials, using treated A. niger strains, was themost effective at 37 °C. Similarly, the most effective treatment of miscanthus cellulose and wood chips occurred at 50 °C. The maximum conversion of cellulose to glucose was observed using miscanthus cellulose (with alkaline pretreatment), and the minimum conversion was observed when using wood chips. The greatest value of cellulase activity was evidenced in the starch-containing raw materials, indicating that A. niger can ferment not only through cellulase activity, but also via an amylolytic one.

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