scholarly journals Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tal Huber ◽  
Joshuah Miron ◽  
Brent Theurer ◽  
Israel Bruckental ◽  
Spencer Swingle
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Steam Flaking ◽  
Urea Recycling ◽  
Total Starch

This research project entitled "Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows" had the following objectives: a) Determine effects of feeding varying amounts of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) on efficiency of milk and milk protein production; and 2) Investigate digestive and metabolic mechanisms relating to lactation responses to diets varying in ruminal and total starch degradability. Four lactation studies with high producing cows were conducted in which steam-flaked (~ 75% RDS) was compared with dry-rolled sorghum (~ 50% RDS) grain. All studies demonstrated increased efficiency of conversion of feed to milk (FCM/DMI) and milk protein as amount of RDS in the diet increased by feeding steam-flaked sorghum. As RDS in diets increased, either by increased steam-flaked sorghum, grinding of sorghum, or increasing the proportion of wheat to sorghum, so also did ruminal and total tract digestibilities of starch and neutral-detergent soluble (NDS) carbohydrate. Despite other research by these two groups of workers showing increased non-ammonia N (NAN) flowing from the rumen to the duodenum with higher RDS, only one of the present studies showed such an effect. Post-absorptive studies showed that higher dietary RDS resulted in greater urea recycling, more propionate absorption, a tendency for greater output of glucose by the liver, and increased uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen by the mammary gland. These studies have shown that processing sorghum grain through steam-flaking increases RDS and results in greater yields and efficiency of production of milk and milk protein in high producing dairy cows.

scholarly journals Effect of Enzyme Treatment or Steam-Flaking of Sorghum Grain on Lactation and Digestion in Dairy Cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1721-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.H. Chen ◽  
J.T. Huber ◽  
J. Simas ◽  
C.B. Theurer ◽  
P. Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Steam Flaking

Peptide utilisation by the mammary gland of lactating goats.

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 26-26
Author(s):  
F.R.C. Backwellf ◽  
B J. Bequettet ◽  
J.A. Metcalf ◽  
D. Wray-Cahen ◽  
L. Crompton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Uptake Studies ◽  
Milk Casein ◽  
Casein Synthesis

During lactation the ruminant mammary gland removes relatively large quantities of circulating amino acids (AA) to meet the requirements for milk protein synthesis but arterio-venous uptake studies in dairy cows (1) have indicated that the uptake of certain AA may be insufficient to account for their output as milk protein. The apparent deficit may be accounted for by the use of AA supplied to the gland as small peptides or proteins. A dual-labelled tracer approach involving infusion of [13C]-labelled peptides into the external pudic artery which supplies blood directly to the mammary gland demonstrated that dipeptide-bound AA can be utilised as direct precursors for milk casein synthesis in lactating dairy goats (2). However, previous studies using vascular infusion of [13C]-labelled free AA (3) have provided equivocal data on involvement of non-labelled extra-mammary derived peptides/proteinsin vivoin the biosynthesis of milk protein.

Milk production from dairy cows offered a conserved barley/kale bicrop compared to grass silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 24-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
P.R. Evans ◽  
N.E. Young
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feed Protein

The efficiency of use of feed protein for milk protein production is very poor, particularly for animals offered conserved forages. Contributing to this is the inefficient capture of rumen degradable N in situations where a readily fermentable energy supply is not available for use by the rumen microbial population. The incorporation of a whole crop cereal into a conserved forage could increase rumen protein efficiency. This experiment was carried out to investigate the milk production of dairy cows offered a conserved forage of a whole crop barley and kale bicrop compared with grass silage, and a mixture of the two.

scholarly journals Corn supplementation on milk urea nitrogen content of dairy cows grazing on temperate annual pasture

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Cristina Dall-Orsoletta ◽  
João Gabriel Rossini Almeida ◽  
Márcia Maria Oziemblowski ◽  
Henrique Mendonça Nunes Ribeiro-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Milk Urea

ABSTRACT: The excretion of urinary nitrogen (N), one of the most important environmental contaminants from livestock systems, is highly correlated with milk urea N content. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of different types of corn supplementation on milk urea N in grazing dairy cows. Twelve Holstein × Jersey lactating dairy cows were divided into six uniform groups according to milk production, lactation stage and live weight. Treatments were compared according to a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square experimental design, with three periods of seventeen days (twelve days to adaptation and five to measurements). The experimental treatments were exclusively grazing (G); grazing + supplementation with 4.2 kg DM of corn silage (CS) and grazing + supplementation with 3.2 kg DM of ground corn (GC). The pasture used was annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and white oats (Avena sativa L.). The milk protein production increased 65 g/day in the GC treatment group compared to the G and CS groups. The supplemented dairy cows showed lower milk urea N (-2.8 mg/dL) than unsupplemented cows, but the N utilization efficiency (g N output in milk/ g N intake) did not change between treatments (average = 0.26). Additionally, there was a relationship between milk and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (R2 = 0.64). In conclusion, for dairy cows grazing annual temperate pastures, corn ground supplementation increased milk protein production and reduced the excretion of milk urea N, whereas corn silage reduced the excretion of milk urea N without affecting milk protein production.

Late gestation protein supplementation influences milk, fat and protein yields of primiparous Holstein dairy cows in the first half of their first lactation

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 191-191
Author(s):  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
P. H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
The Impact

Considerable effort has recently been directed towards better defining protein requirements of dairy cows approaching parturition. Little effort has been directed towards cows entering first lactation, although Van Saun et al., (1993) suggested modest increases in milk protein production to a supplement of high undegradable dietary protein (UDP) in the late dry period. The objective of this study was to define the impact of supplementation of a high UDP protein supplement in the late gestation of cows entering first lactation on production of milk and its components.

Production, composition and manufacturing properties of milk from dairy cows fed hay and silages made from either wilted herbage or formaldehyde-treated herbage

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (98) ◽  
pp. 290 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Valentine ◽  
RB Wickes
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Production Composition

Hay, normal silage, and silages prepared from herbage either treated with formaldehyde at 0.8% of the dry matter (DM) ('formaldehyde silage') or wilted to 31 % DM ('wilted silage') were all made from grass/clover herbage cut at the same time. Dairy cows were offered the feeds ad libitum together with 4.5 kg of a barley-meatmeal concentrate daily. The chemical composition, digestibility and DM intake of the feeds together with the production, composition and manufacturing properties of the milk were determined. Compared with normal silage, the formaldehyde silage and wilted silage had lower concentrations of total titratable acids, butyric acid and lactic acid. The DM intakes (g day-1kg -0.75 by COWS of normal silage (126.7) and wilted silage (133.7) were higher than those of formaldehyde silage (114.0) and hay (103.6). The yield of milk fat (kg day-1) was greater for the cows offered wilted silage (0.62) and hay (0.62) than for cows offered normal silage (0.58). The yield of milk protein (kg day-1) was greater for the cows offered wilted silage (0.54) and hay (0.54) than for those offered formaldehyde silage (0.50) and normal silage (0.47). The percentages of milk protein and solids not fat, respectively, were greater for the cows offered wilted silage (3.37, 8.83), formaldehyde silage (3.30, 8.83) and hay (3.30, 8.89) than for those offered normal silage (3.1 5, 8.61). No differences were found between treatments in the heat stability characteristics of the milk. However, the milk of cows fed normal silage produced a firmer rennet curd than the milk from cows fed hay, wilted silage or formaldehyde silage. Cows offered normal silage, formaldehyde silage, wilted silage and hay had liveweight gains (kg day-1) of 0.1 6, 0.35, 0.86 and 0.04, respectively. It is concluded that although the milk fat and protein production of cows fed wilted silage and hay were similar, dairy farmers may prefer to feed wilted silage to dairy cows especially in late lactation, because of the ability of the cows to consume more wilted silage and consequently increase liveweight in preparation for the next lactation.

scholarly journals Effects of Rumen-Undegradable Protein and Feed Intake on Nitrogen Balance and Milk Protein Production in Dairy Cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 784-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Wright ◽  
S. Moscardini ◽  
P.H. Luimes ◽  
P. Susmel ◽  
B.W. Mcbride
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein

15N enrichment of casein amino acids in the milk from goats given a single intravenous dose of l-[15N]leucine

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOAQUIN RUBERT-ALEMÁN ◽  
GUIDO RYCHEN ◽  
FLORENCE CASSERON ◽  
FRANCOIS LAURENT ◽  
GERARD JEAN MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
15N Enrichment ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Plasma Leucine

Branched-chain amino acids (AA) are mostly metabolized in the splanchnic area, but some are metabolized within the mammary gland and thus could contribute to the synthesis of non-essential AA (Wohlt et al. 1977). The extraction rate of leucine from plasma by the mammary gland is particularly high (64% in the goat; Roets et al. 1983), in excess of that used for the synthesis of milk proteins (Davis & Mepham, 1976; Wohlt et al. 1977; Roets et al. 1983). Thus, although mammary leucine is mainly used for milk protein, it also provides amino nitrogen and carbon sources for the synthesis of non-essential AA.To our knowledge, no information is available on the transfer and distribution of plasma leucine amino nitrogen to milk protein AA. Using the technique for chromatographic fractionation of AA recently developed by Casseron et al. (1997), we studied the specific 15N enrichment of casein (CN) AA in the goat given a single intravenous injection of [15N]leucine.

scholarly journals Whole-body fluxes and partitioning of amino acids to the mammary gland of cows fed fresh pasture at two levels of intake during early lactation

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pacheco ◽  
M.H. Tavendale ◽  
G. W. Reynolds ◽  
T. N. Barry ◽  
J. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Ad Libitum

The utilisation of essential amino acids (EAA) by the mammary gland of lactating dairy cows fed fresh forages was studied to provide basic information useful in designing strategies to increase the production of milk protein from pasture-fed dairy cows. The relationship between the flux of EAA in the whole body and their uptake by the mammary gland was determined in four cows in early lactation (length of time in milk 44 (SD 14·5) d) producing 21 (SD 4·0) kg milk/d. The cows were maintained in metabolism stalls and fed fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) pasturead libitumor restricted to 75 %ad libitumintake. The whole-body fluxes of amino acids (AA) were measured using an arterio-venous infusion of universally13C-labelled AA. Whole-body fluxes of fourteen AA were estimated. Isotope dilution indicated that mammary utilisation accounted for one-third of the whole-body flux of EAA, with individual AA ranging between 17 and 35 %. Isoleucine, leucine, valine and lysine were the EAA with the greatest partitioning towards the mammary gland (up to 36 % of the whole-body flux), which could reflect a potentially limiting effect on milk protein synthesis. In the case of AA with low partitioning to the mammary gland (for example, histidine), it is suggested that non-mammary tissues may have priority over the mammary gland and therefore the supply of this AA may also limit milk protein synthesis.

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