scholarly journals Broad-spectrum Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Transgenic Cucurbits

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Davis ◽  
Yuji Oka ◽  
Amit Gal-On ◽  
Todd Wehner ◽  
Aaron Zelcer
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Rnai Construct ◽  
Parasitism Genes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Parasitism Gene ◽  
The U.S

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely destructive pathogens of cucurbit crops grown in the United States and Israel. The safety and environmental concerns of toxic nematicides, and limited sources of natural cucurbit resistance to the four major species of Meloidogyne that threaten these crops in Israel and the U.S., have emphasized the use of biotechnology to develop cucurbits with novel RKN resistance. The U.S. scientists have identified over 40 unique RKN parasitism genes that encode nematode secretions involved in successful plant root infection by RKN, and they have demonstrated that expression of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to a RKN parasitism gene (called 16DIO) in Arabidopsis thaliana induced RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of the RKN16DlO gene and produced transgenic plants with strong resistance to all four major RKN species. The expression 8D05 parasitism gene was found to coincide with the timing of upregulation of NtCel7 promoter (identified to be upregulated in giantcells by US scientists). NtCel7 promoter was used to express the genes at the right time (early stages of infection) and in the right place (giant-cells) in transgenic plants. US partners produced NtCel7 (nematode-induced promoter)-driven 16DlO-RNAi and 8DOS-RNAi constructs, pHANNIBAL 4D03-RNAi construct and modified 16DlO-RNAi construct (for increased RNAi expression and efficacy) for cucurbit transformation in Israel. In Arabidopsis, some 16DlO-RNAi plant lines show greater levels of resistance to M. incognita than others, and within these lines resistance of greater than 90% reduction in infection is observed among almost all replicates in US. The level of observed nematode resistance is likely to be directly correlated with the level of RNAi expression in individual plants. In Israel, all the RKN parasitism genes-RNAi constructs were successfully transformed into cucumber and melon. The transgenic lines were evaluated for expression of the transgene siRNA in leaves and roots. Those displaying transgene siRNA accumulation were passed on for nematode resistance analysis. Rl seedlings from different lines were subjected to evaluation for resistance to M. javanica. None of the lines was resistant to the nematode in contrast with US partner's results in Arabidopsis. This could be for the following reasons: a) The level of transgene siRNA was insufficient in cucumber and tomato to cause resislance. b) 111e nemalode species on cucwnber IIlay be different ur act in a different manner. c) The assay was performed in soil with a high level of nematode inoculation, and not in petri dish, which may not permit the observation of a low level of resistance.

Regional Ocean Governance: A Critique of Two Recent Proposals

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Porter Hoagland ◽  
Andrew R. Solow
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
The Political ◽  
Regional Institutions ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
Ocean Policy ◽  
Ocean Management ◽  
Regional Institution ◽  
The Right ◽  
The U.S

Two recent expert panels, the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy and the Pew Oceans Commission, have focused on analyzing and proposing solutions to the ocean management problems of the United States. Both panels have come up with concrete and detailed recommendations for mitigating governance problems that have plagued this field for decades. Many of the recommendations are specific and useful, and the panels have provided a service to the nation in constructing them. In this article, we consider the sets of recommendations pertaining specifically to institutions of regional ocean governance. Unlike the majority of recommendations, which are very helpful, we argue that the proposals from both panels for regional ocean governance are not well-developed. We formulate a critique along three lines. First, to be effective, regional institutions must be tailored to the scale of specific problems and focused on those problems. Second, the political entities that comprise the membership of a regional institution must have tangible incentives to participate in decision making. Third, the right to use the resources of those areas of the ocean under U.S. jurisdiction belong to the nation, not to any particular region. We conclude that the nation must pay attention to the lessons of other attempts at regional governance, otherwise it may end up with a system of management that seems simple in concept but merely symbolic in practice.

scholarly journals The Coming Revolution: The Healthcare Challenge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Halamka
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
The U.S

The United States spends nearly 17% of its gross domestic product on healthcare,1 almost double that of any other industrialized country,2 and achieves worse outcomes by many measures.3 The U.S. may have the most healthcare in the world, but we do not have the best healthcare. Today, Healthcare in the U.S. is a poor value. If we are going to remain competitive in the world economy, we must deliver the right care in the right setting at the right time at the right cost.

35 United States of America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cohn Joshua
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Security Interest ◽  
Bankruptcy Code ◽  
The Right ◽  
The U.S

This chapter examines the most common aspects of the right of set-off in the United States, focusing on the State of New York. It also considers the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and its implications for the right of set-off. The chapter first considers contractual and statutory set-off outside bankruptcy proceedings and whether set-off can be considered a security interest before discussing set-off against insolvent parties. It explains how the right of set-off is affected by the automatic stay provision in section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code, the prohibition of creditor preferences, and fraudulent transfers. It also analyses choice of law issues arising in cross-border set-off, taking into account the relevant provisions of the New York State law and Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code. Finally, it reviews the applicable rules for non-U.S. parties participating in a debtor's plenary Bankruptcy Code proceeding in the absence of a Chapter 15 ancillary proceeding.

Cookery and Copyright: A History of One Cookbook in Three Acts

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie Helms Tippen ◽  
Heidi S. Hakimi-Hood ◽  
Amanda Milian
Keyword(s):  
Book History ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Right ◽  
Training Institute ◽  
The U.S

This article examines the history and movements of one collection of recipes in three “acts” or iterations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Maria Eliza Ketelby Rundell's A New System of Domestic Cookery is published in London in 1806, and almost immediately, the book is pirated and printed in the United States. More than 100 years later, the same collection of recipes is reprinted by S. Thomas Bivins under the title The Southern Cookbook. The authors discuss the implications of the text's movements through the lens of book history and copyright law. Rundell sues her publisher, John Murray, for the right to control the publication of her recipes. Meanwhile, in the U.S., her book is continuously in print for decades, but Rundell receives no remuneration for it. Bivins, an African American merchant and principal of a training institute for black domestic workers, takes the recipes attributed to Rundell from the public domain for The Southern Cookbook. The authors conclude that this cookbook in three acts demonstrates how a history of the cookbook in general can challenge received understandings of authorship and textual ownership.

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY): Prosecutor V. Krnojelac

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-380 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Indefinite Detention ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
The U.S

This case presents the question whether the Executive Branch may hold uncharged citizens of foreign nations in indefinite detention in territory under the "complete jurisdiction and control" of the United States while effectively denying them the right to challenge their detention in any tribunal anywhere, including the courts of the U.S. The issues we are required to confront are new, important, and difficult.

scholarly journals Root-knot Nematode Resistance in Capsicum chinense: Development of Resistant Habanero-type Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 766B-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Fery* ◽  
Judy A. Thies
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Resistance Gene ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Southern Root Knot Nematode

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are major pests of pepper (Capsicum spp.) in the United States, and parasitism of susceptible plants can result in severe yield losses. Although cultivars belonging to the species C. annuum account for most of the peppers grown in the United States. Habanero-type cultivars belonging to the species C. chinense are becoming increasingly popular. Unfortunately, all commercial Habanero-type cultivars are susceptible to root-knot nematodes. In 1997, the USDA released three C. chinense germplasm lines that exhibit high levels of resistance to root-knot nematodes. The resistance in these lines is conditioned by a single dominant gene, and this gene conditions resistance to the southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita), the peanut root-knot nematode (M. arenaria race 1), and the tropical root-knot nematode (M. javanica). A recurrent backcross breeding procedure has been used to transfer the C. chinense root-knot nematode resistance gene in Habanero-type germplasm. Several root-knot nematode resistant, Habanero-type candidate cultivars have been developed. Each of these Habanero-type candidate cultivars has a compact plant habit and produces a high yield of orange-colored, lantern-shaped fruit.

scholarly journals Living or Dead? Specifics of the Language of the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Izabela Kraśnicka
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
Language Interpretation ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
American Legal System ◽  
The Right ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The original text of the Constitution of the United States of America, written over 200 years ago, constitutes the supreme source of law in the American legal system. The seven articles and twenty seven amendments dictate understanding of fundamental principles of the federation’s functioning and its citizens’ rights. The paper aims to present the evolution of the U.S. Constitution’s language interpretation as provided by its final interpreter - the Supreme Court of the United States. Example of the Second Amendment will be analyzed to present the change in understanding of the language grammar and, as a consequence, the sense of the right to keep and bear arms in the light of the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of District of Columbia v Heller (554 U.S. 570 (2008)). It will argue for the accuracy of statement of Charles Evans Hughes, former Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court: “We are under a Constitution, but the Constitution is what the judges say it is...”

An Overview of Recent Initiatives in Preventing Damage to Energy Pipelines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Hall ◽  
Steve Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Right ◽  
Excavation Damage ◽  
Pipeline Safety ◽  
Damage Prevention ◽  
The U.S

Over the past 20 years, excavation damage has caused approximately one-third of energy pipeline incidents resulting in fatalities or in-patient hospitalizations in the U.S. While excavation damage to pipeline facilities has declined in recent years, reducing excavation damage to energy pipelines remains a top priority for the United States. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation is undertaking several initiatives to reduce excavation damage to energy pipelines. This paper summarizes several of these initiatives, including: PHMSA’s strong support of the 1999 Common Ground Study, the Common Ground Alliance (CGA), and the continued development of damage prevention best practices for all damage prevention stakeholders; the documentation of State damage prevention programs to understand where programs can be strengthened; support of State damage prevention programs in the form of funding and other assistance to states for implementation of the “nine elements” of effective damage prevention programs; a focused damage prevention research and development program; the coordination of the Pipelines and Informed Planning Alliance (PIPA), which is an effort to develop and foster the use of recommended practices for local land use in the vicinity of transmission pipelines; and the development of a rule for federal enforcement of damage prevention laws when appropriate. PHMSA believes comprehensive damage prevention programs are essential to energy pipeline safety and must have the right balance of incentive and enforcement for preventing damage to pipelines.

The “Biafra Lobby” and U.S. Foreign Policy

Worldview ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Ernest W. Lefever
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
New Left ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
United States Government ◽  
States Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Of Self Determination ◽  
The U.S

The passionate “Biafra Lobby” in the United States is a perfect example of the moral and political pitfalls of organized pleading and pressure on particular international problems The pro Biafra crusade is an improbable conglomeration of the New Left and old right idealists and hierlings American citizens and foreigners churchmen and secularists isolationists and interventionists. Though no clear common concern unites these diverse persons most of them agree that the United States Government should do more than it is now doing to feed starving Biafrans and many of them seem to believe that the U.S. hands-off policy toward the brutal civil war in Nigeria is immoral because it interferes with mercy measures and denies the Biafrans the “right of self-determination.”

scholarly journals U.S. Senatorial Race for Maine

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Giustina Luisa Bombini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Current Speaker ◽  
The Right ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
The U.S

Over the course of 23 years, United States Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) has been able to successfully walk a unique line of nonpartisanship, never stepping too far to the right, or to the left. However, following her vote to confirm Justice Brett Kavanaugh to the United States Supreme Court in 2017, and her vote to acquit President Trump of his impeachment charges in early 2020, Susan Collins placed herself in an incredibly precarious situation. Pundits and analysts were convinced that this election would turn into a referendum on Susan Collins (Lyall 2020). Meanwhile, her opponent, the current Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives, Sara Gideon, consistently led in the polls and worked off of the momentum gained from the success of the U.S. House Democrats in the 2018 midterms. And yet, Susan Collins stunned the nation by defeating Gideon. This paper evaluates and analyses what possible causes led to this outcome. Ultimately, Collins’ choice to vote against the confirmation of late-Ruth Bader Ginsburg's replacement on the Supreme Court convinced Mainers that Susan Collins could still be trusted, and should be given another chance.

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