CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SELLING-BUYING IN DOLOK SANGGUL TRADITIONAL MARKET

The thesis deals with conversational analysis of selling-buying in DolokSanggul traditional market. The objectives of this study were to find out types and most dominant type of turn-taking used in Batak Toba Seller and buyers in DolokSanggul Traditional market. The study was conducted by using desccriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were conversation and interaction between sellers and buyers during the selling-buying process. The data of this study contained 25 conversations. The data analysis were taken by listing and tabulating the data. The data were analyzed based on the theory that proposed by Sack et al (1974) . The findings inducted that there were three types of turn-taking found in Doloksanggul Traditional market . The finding were showed that CS2TNS (48%) SS (20%) and SCS (32%) and the most frequent turn-taking occurred in the conversation among seller and buyer is Current Speaker Select the Next Speaker (C2TNS). The conversation described how participant organize their interaction by distributing turns to the speakers. The transition from turn to next with no gap and no overlap are common occurred.

Core Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Syntactic Priming: A Comparison of Three Alternative Models

Syntactic priming (SP) is the effect by which, in a dialogue, the current speaker tends to re-use the syntactic constructs of the previous speakers. SP has been used as a window into the nature of syntactic representations within and across languages. Because of its importance, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind it. Currently, two competing theories exist. According to the transient activation account, SP is driven by the re-activation of declarative memory structures that encode structures. According to the error-based implicit learning account, SP is driven by prediction errors while processing sentences. By integrating both transient activation and associative learning, Reitter et al.'s hybrid model 2011 assumes that SP is achieved by both mechanisms, and predicts a priming enhancement for rare or unusual constructions. Finally, a recently proposed account, the reinforcement learning account, claims that SP driven by the successful application of procedural knowledge will be reversed when the prime sentence includes grammatical errors. These theories make different assumptions about the representation of syntactic rules (declarative vs. procedural) and the nature of the mechanism that drives priming (frequency and repetition, attention, and feedback signals, respectively). To distinguish between these theories, they were all implemented as computational models in the ACT-R cognitive architecture, and their specific predictions were examined through grid-search computer simulations. Two experiments were then carried out to empirically test the central prediction of each theory as well as the individual fits of each participant's responses to different parameterizations of each model. The first experiment produced results that were best explained by the associative account, but could also be accounted for by a modified reinforcement model with a different parsing algorithm. The second experiment, whose stimuli were designed to avoid the parsing ambiguity of the first, produced somewhat weaker effects. Its results, however, were also best predicted by the model implementing the associative account. We conclude that the data overall points to SP being due to prediction violations that direct attentional resources, in turn suggesting a declarative rather than a RL based procedural representation of syntactic rules.

THE RULES OF TURN TAKING STRATEGIES IN ELLEN TALK SHOW

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to analyze the rules realized of turn taking strategies in the Ellen talk show which every conversation always occurs the turn taking to make conversation flows well. In this case the aim of this research is to convey the rules realized of turn taking strategies use by them. The Method of this research use qualitative method. The research question will be answered in analytical description. The collected turn taking strategies is picked up randomly then classified based on the same type. The turn taking strategies is analyzed by using Miles and Huberman and Saldana to see the turn taking which mostly occurs in conversation. The result of this research shows that there are hundred eighty seven data collected from random sampling, those collected data resulted three rules of turn taking strategies: 1.If the current speaker has selected, a particular next speaker, then that speaker should take a turn at the place. 2.If no such selection has been made, then any next speaker may (but need not) self-selection occur, then first speaker has the right to the turn. 3. If no speaker has been selected, unless another speaker may, but need not, continue talking with another turn constructional unit, unless another speaker has self-selected in which case that speaker gains to the right to the turn found in that conversationKeywords: Conversation Analysis, Turn Taking Strategies, Miles Huberman and Saldana, Talk Show.

Expressing intent, imminence and ire by attributing speech/thought in Mongolian

Quoted clauses in which an intention is declared are cross-linguistically known to develop into clauses that directly ascribe an intention to their subjects, and further into clauses that express the imminence of an event. In Khalkha Mongolian, several quotative constructions based on the quotative verb ge- have come to ascribe intention and then developed further semantic extensions: (i) The pattern -x ge-, featuring a fossilized Middle Mongol future-referring participial suffix, is used in a group of constructions that cover the semantic space between future time reference, intention (initially of the current speaker), and imminence. (ii) Quotational clauses ending in a particular tense-aspect-evidentiality suffix (including -n) and subordinated by a linking converb ge-ž/ge-ed are often systematically ambiguous between quotation and their purposive, causal and concessive extensions. Noun phrases with similar properties additionally allow for (dedicational-)benefactive and (allocational-)functive uses. (iii) The pattern -n ge-, which in other Central Mongolic varieties resembles -x ge-, conveys the speaker’s disbelief and anger about an actor’s willful deeds when used in echo questions marked by -n=AA. Based on conversational corpus data, this paper tries to provide a comprehensive picture of Khalkha Mongolian constructions in which the speaker’s awareness of the subject’s speech or thoughts is reinterpreted as attributing intentions and their derived notions.

Expressing intent, imminence and ire by attributing speech/thought in Mongolian

Quoted clauses in which an intention is declared are cross-linguistically known to develop into clauses that directly ascribe an intention to their subjects, and further into clauses that express the imminence of an event. In Khalkha Mongolian, several quotative constructions based on the quotative verb ge- have come to ascribe intention and then developed further semantic extensions: (i) The pattern -x ge-, featuring a fossilized Middle Mongol future-referring participial suffix, is used in a group of constructions that cover the semantic space between future time reference, intention (initially of the current speaker), and imminence. (ii) Quotational clauses ending in a particular tense-aspect-evidentiality suffix (including -n) and subordinated by a linking converb ge-ž/ge-ed are often systematically ambiguous between quotation and their purposive, causal and concessive extensions. Noun phrases with similar properties additionally allow for (dedicational-)benefactive and (allocational-)functive uses. (iii) The pattern -n ge-, which in other Central Mongolic varieties resembles -x ge-, conveys the speaker’s disbelief and anger about an actor’s willful deeds when used in echo questions marked by -n=AA. Based on conversational corpus data, this paper tries to provide a comprehensive picture of Khalkha Mongolian constructions in which the speaker’s awareness of the subject’s speech or thoughts is reinterpreted as attributing intentions and their derived notions.

RoRePo: Detecting the role information and relative position information for contexts in multi-turn dialogue generation

In multi-turn dialogue generation, dialogue contexts have been shown to have an important influence on the reasoning of the next round of dialogue. A multi-turn dialogue between two people should be able to give a reasonable response according to the relevant context. However, the widely used hierarchical recurrent encoder-decoder model and the latest model that detecting the relevant contexts with self-attention are facing the same problem. Their given response doesn’t match the identity of the current speaker, which we call it role ambiguity. In this paper, we propose a new model, named RoRePo, to tackle this problem by detecting the role information and relative position information. Firstly, as a part of the decoder input, we add a role embedding to identity different speakers. Secondly, we incorporate self-attention mechanism with relative position representation to dialogue context understanding. Besides, the design of our model architecture considers the influence of latent variables in generating more diverse responses. Experimental results of our evaluations on the DailyDialog and DSTC7_AVSD datasets show that our proposed model advances in multi-turn dialogue generation.

U.S. Senatorial Race for Maine

Over the course of 23 years, United States Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) has been able to successfully walk a unique line of nonpartisanship, never stepping too far to the right, or to the left. However, following her vote to confirm Justice Brett Kavanaugh to the United States Supreme Court in 2017, and her vote to acquit President Trump of his impeachment charges in early 2020, Susan Collins placed herself in an incredibly precarious situation. Pundits and analysts were convinced that this election would turn into a referendum on Susan Collins (Lyall 2020). Meanwhile, her opponent, the current Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives, Sara Gideon, consistently led in the polls and worked off of the momentum gained from the success of the U.S. House Democrats in the 2018 midterms. And yet, Susan Collins stunned the nation by defeating Gideon. This paper evaluates and analyses what possible causes led to this outcome. Ultimately, Collins’ choice to vote against the confirmation of late-Ruth Bader Ginsburg's replacement on the Supreme Court convinced Mainers that Susan Collins could still be trusted, and should be given another chance.

Turn-allocation and gaze: A multimodal revision of the “current-speaker-selects-next” rule of the turn-taking system of conversation analysis

It is argued in this paper that a multimodal analysis of turn-taking, one of the core areas of conversation analytic research, is needed and has to integrate gaze as one of the most central resources for allocating turns, and that new technologies are available that can provide a solid and reliable empirical foundation for this analysis. On the basis of eye-tracking data of spontaneous conversations, it is shown that gaze is the most ubiquitous next-speaker-selection technique. It can function alone or enhance other techniques. I also discuss the interrelationship between the strength for sequential projection and the choice of next-speaker-selection techniques by a current speaker. The appropriate consideration of gaze leads to a revision of the turn-taking model in that it reduces the domain of self-selection and expands that of the current-speaker-selects-next sub-rule. It also has consequences for the analysis of “simultaneous starts”.

THE STRUCTURES OF ADJACENCY PAIRS OF FKIP UHN STUDENTS’ IN ENGLISH CONVERSATION

This study is aimed to investigate the structures of adjacency pairs in English conversation conducted by the students of faculty of teacher training and education (Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan/FKIP) at Universitas HKBP Nommensen (UHN). The subjects for conducting the SPP of Adjacency Pairs are ten, and for the FPP is one student. For turn-taking the subjects are fifteen students. The researchers apply a descriptive qualitative design in this study. The researchers observe what involved in the interaction, when, where, and how people interact based on Conversation Analysis (CA) approach. Because CA needs naturally occurring data, the researchers take the location of research outside classroom. The conversation outside classroom enacts an informal talk as what this research is about. The location outside classroom can be at the canteen, and benches around the campus. The results of the study found that there were ten structure of adjacency pair and turn-taking, they were: 1) The student’s sequence of greeting-greeting is that the FPP is greeting and the FPP is greeting; 2) The construction of the students’ APs in question-answer is : a) a question – answer, a question - a question; 3) The structure of compliment AP in student’s conversation can be constructed as : a compliment - rejection, a compliment - a rejection in SPP (scaling down); 4) Offer-acceptance is composed : an offer of goods in FPP and an acceptance in SPP and an offer of service in FPP and an acceptance in SPP; 5) Invitation in student’s conversation contains inserted sequence the acceptance response; 6) Current speaker selects next (CSSN) in student’s conversation can be realized in two participants conversation like in all data in adjacency pair; 7) The CSSN allocation techniques is not always applicable in students’ conversation; 8) Self-select (SS) in students’ conversation is done as what is effective in English, but it is constrained by an overlapping talk; 9) Speaker continuation (SC) is shown by a long silence. The silence implies the development of topic or topic change. Last but not least, the researchers conclude that knowing the structure of adjacency pairs in conversation can help the speakers and listener to avoid and cope with all problems in speaking.

I’m sorry (to interrupt): The use of explicit apology in turn-taking

Contributing to research on workplace interactions and turn-taking practices, this conversation analytic study examines how people take turns during multi-party workplace meetings. In particular, we analyze 12 hours of video-recordings of faculty meetings at a U.S. school district, and show how meeting participants use explicit apology (e.g. I’m sorry; I’m sorry to interrupt) for turn-taking. The apology carries out interactional work in two ways: 1) it acknowledges that a (possible) offense (i.e. interruption) has occurred, and 2) it indicates that the current speaker will self-select to take and keep the turn. The self-selector produces the apology mid-turn after the turn-initial overlap is resolved and before continuing with her turn. We first analyze cases in which the self-selector uses explicit apology after having begun her turn during the current speaker’s ongoing turn. In most of these cases, the self-selected turn is sequentially disjunctive in that it is not directly responsive to the immediately preceding turn. We then show how the self-selector uses explicit apology when she needs to compete with another self-selector to take the turn. The study findings have implications for the turn-taking organization in meeting interactions.