scholarly journals American Tariffs and their Impact in the EU and Spain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fátima El Khatabi ◽  
Carlos Llano ◽  
Federico Steinberg ◽  
Julián Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trade Wars ◽  
The Eu

Donald Trump´s so called trade wars and the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to have a substantial impact on international trade flows and would probably reshape globalization. As trade is restricted by tariffs, global value chains are shortened and international cooperation becomes more difficult, there is a chance that environmental sustainability will increase due to lower and shorter trade flows. This paper tackles this issue by exploring the impact that recent American tariffs have had on the EU with a special focus in Spain. Using the SMART simulation model developed by the World Bank and the UNCTAD, we estimate the impact of the new tariffs applied to iron, steel and aluminum, the products included in the list of products affected by the Airbus dispute, as well as the potential new tariffs to the automotive sector. We end with a discussion on the effects of this new wave of protectionism on sustainability.

scholarly journals Do Democratic Economies Grow Faster? The Case of Asia vs. the EU

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Barrows
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The dynamics of the five fastest growing GDP per capita economies in Asia and the EU are studied between 2010 and 2014. This time frame was selected in order to avoid the height of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, but to include the stimulus and recovery periods which occurred afterward. The intent was not to compare the recoveries or the impact of the stimulus programs. The intent was to compare the economic growth rates of the two groups and also the absolute per capita income along with five topic areas on economies including: configuration, utilization, investments, demographics, and outcomes. A total of twenty measurements are used for assessment from the World Bank databank website. The findings are that the Asian economies grew faster while the EU economies had a higher per capita income. The workforces of the Asia economies are also younger and more flexible whereas the workforces of the EU economies are older, but more educated. Discussions include the links between effective governments and economic development and the links between democracy and economic levels.

scholarly journals Revising Emission Responsibilities through Consumption-Based Accounting: A European and Post-Brexit Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Fezzigna ◽  
Simone Borghesi ◽  
Dario Caro
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

International trade shifts production of a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in traded goods from the importing country to the exporting country. The European Union (EU) plays a prominent role in the flow of international-related emissions as it accounts for the second largest share of global exports and imports of goods. Consumption-based accountings (CBA) emerged as alternative to the traditional emission inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. According to the IPCC criteria, countries where products are consumed take no responsibility for the emissions produced by exporter countries, thus neglecting the emissions embodied in trade. By taking this aspect into account, CBA are considered of great importance in revealing emissions attributed to the final consumer. Using a CBA approach, this paper evaluates the impact of international trade in the EU in terms of CO2 emissions, looking both at the internal trade flows within the EU-28 and at the external trade flows between the EU and the rest of the world during the period 2012–2015. We find that the EU is a net importer of emissions as its emissions due to consumption exceed those due to production. In particular, in 2015 the ratio between import- and export-embodied emissions was more than 3:1 for the EU-28 that imported 1317 Mt CO2 from the rest of the world (mainly from China and Russia) while exporting only 424 Mt CO2. Concerning emissions flows among EU countries, Germany represents the largest importer, followed by the UK. To get a deeper understanding on possible environmental implications of Brexit on UK emission responsibilities, the paper also advances a few hypotheses on how trade flows could change based on the existing trade patterns of the UK. Data analysis shows that a 10% shift of UK imports from EU partners to its main non-EU trading partners (India, China, and US) would increase its emission responsibility by 5%. The increase in UK emission responsibility would more than double (+11%) in case of a 30% shift of UK imports. Similar results would apply if UK replaced its current EU partners with its main Commonwealth trading partners as a result of Brexit.

scholarly journals Recent Evolution of Intellectual Property Enforcement in Georgia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Tamar Taliashvili ◽  
Irakli Shamatava
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
The Novel ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Harmonization Process ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Exclusive Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The article elaborates on the topic of the new wave of evolution of the protection of intellectual property in Georgia inspired by signing the Eu–Georgia Association Agreement, (AA—the Association Agreement between Georgia and the Eu and the nuclear Energy Association of Europe and its Member States). The harmonization process is an impressive field of law on its own. The article deals only with particular issues, such as the role and critical characteristics of the harmonization of intellectual property protection and enforcement mechanisms in Georgia. In this context, the article examines the legal nature of the amendments to the Civil procedure Code of Georgia (GCpC), in particular, a new chapter of enforcement regulations, that has been introduced to the GCPC—‘Specificities in proceedings of the infringement of exclusive right of intellectual property’. The article is predicated upon the allegation that the new legal introductions are merely of a formal character, while the enforcement mechanisms and remedies, as a significant part of Georgian civil legislation, had already been in place and Georgia had ratified major international intellectual property agreements. The article deals with the legal problem of the application of the intellectual property enforcement amendments by the judiciary and measures the practical impact. The hypothesis of the analysis is to consider whether further developments are necessary to contribute to a consistent approach to the adjudication of intellectual property enforcement disputes in Georgian courts and to promote the efficient implementation of the novel intellectual property enforcement mechanisms into the Georgian legal system. The analysis of the characteristics of the impact of harmonization on intellectual property as of intangible rights proves to have wide-ranging benefits for the holders of intellectual property in Georgia or elsewhere in Europe.

scholarly journals The intensification of foreign trade in post-socialist countries and their role in global value chains

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Cieślik ◽  
Jadwiga Biegańska ◽  
Stefania Środa-Murawska
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Western European ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Complex Methods ◽  
The Eu

This article presents the transformation of foreign trade in 10 post-socialist countries, current members of the EU. Special focus is given to the more significant role these countries began to play in global value chains (GVCs) as a result of liberalisation processes and integration within the EU. In addition, the article evaluates their place in global vertical specialisation. To locate each country on a global value chain and to compare them with selected countries, more complex methods of measuring the level of participation of European post-socialist countries in GVCs were employed. These methods allow the position of a country downstream or upstream in GVCs to be established. We concluded that (a) post-socialist countries differ in the levels of their participation in GVCs. Countries that have stronger links with Western European countries, especially with Germany, are more integrated; (b) a large share of post-socialist countries’ exports pass through Western European GVCs; (c) most exporters in Central and Eastern Europe are positioned in downstream segments of production rather than upstream markets.

Digitalization and domestic machine building: Prospects and risks

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-694
Author(s):  
G.V. Kuznetsova ◽  
V.V. Korovkin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Building ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Free Development ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
Domestic Machine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transformation Processes

Subject. The article discusses the current and future development of domestic machine building as digital transformation processes are under way worldwide. Objectives. The study explores how a new wave of S&T progress influences the coming future of the industry by predicting and analyzing domestic machine building as is. We also substantiate that, as the most critical part of the Russian economy, the machine building sector should be redesigned in terms of its structure and management so as to adapt to challenges brought by digitalization. Methods. The study employs the logic systems analysis of statistical data and expert assessments, techniques for generalization and grouping, abstraction-logic method. Results. The domestic machine building crisis was proved to still linger. Those meager achievements are not viable without the State aid. What describes the industry is that the Russian enterprises and products are hardly integrated into global chain values, resulting from their low competitiveness globally. Most of them are designated for the domestic market or even narrower regional markets. Conclusions and Relevance. There is still no definite conclusion on the impact of digitalization on the future of domestic machine building. However, the industry is not very prepared for innovation, with the governmental domination of the economy impeding the innovative transformation, which requires the freedom of business. As a preliminary requirement for Russia to join a group of global leaders, it should create conditions for the free development of businesses by integrating into global value chains and become more competitive. The findings can underlie practical measures to formulate the industrial policy from macro- and microeconomic perspectives.

Economic Crisis and Its Effects on International Trade

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Miloš Parežanin ◽  
Dragana Kragulj ◽  
Sandra Jednak
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this chapter is to analyse the effects of the economic crisis on the trade among the Southeastern European (SEE) countries. The countries were divided into two groups: the EU countries and non-EU countries. Macroeconomic performances and international trade indicators of the 11 observed countries were analysed for the period 2007-2019, and the effects of the economic crisis were present in all the observed countries, particularly the effects on the export performances. The crisis also affected the entire import of the non-EU countries. The EU countries recovered from the crisis faster than the non-EU countries. However, the non-EU countries achieved a more significant inflow of foreign direct investment in the post-crisis period, which significantly improved the position of the balance of payments in these countries. The observed countries had managed to stabilise their trade flows all until the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis. The impact of the current crisis on these countries remains to be estimated in the future.

EUROPEAN ACCESSION AND THE TRADE FACILITATION AGENDA

2010 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 227-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN S. WILSON ◽  
XUBEI LUO ◽  
HARRY G. BROADMAN
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Economies In Transition ◽  
Port Efficiency ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This paper examines the impact of improved trade facilitation measures and institutional capacity in a set of economies in transition Europe. Our results suggest that behind-the-border barriers play an important role in determining bilateral trade flows (controlling for the effects of tariffs, development levels, distance, and regional characteristics of exporters and importers, among other factors). For European Union (EU) members that joined the Union in 2004 and less developed and candidate members raising capacity in port efficiency and information technology infrastructures halfway to the EU-15 average, trade could expand by US$49 billion and US$62 billion respectively. In the context of the economic crisis and fragile recovery, as well as efforts to strengthen Europe integration, efforts to facilitate trade with investments to raise capacity in trade facilitation should be considered as part of policy steps going forward.

scholarly journals Innovation in Hungary - The Impact of EU Accession and Integration into Global Value Chains

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Szalavetz
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Policy Transfer ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This paper argues that EU accession has brought about minimal changes in the patterns of innovation in Hungary. The reason why is not that the ‘EU factor’ is of minor importance; rather, it is Hungary's inability to use EU resources effectively, so as to fully benefit from EU membership. The Hungarian story also demonstrates that the EU cannot block member states from reversing reform or abusing the opportunities EU membership offers to them. We contend that globalization (global value chain integration) has more effectively contributed to Hungary's knowledge-based upgrading than Europeanization (in the sense of policy transfer; access to EU Structural & Cohesion Funds, and integration in the European Research Area). This argument is substantiated with a case study on innovation strategy design and implementation, which illustrates the ambiguous impact of Europeanization, which is contrasted with our investigation of integration in global value chains, conducted through interviews of foreign-owned manufacturing companies about their R&D-based upgrading experience.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Opportunities from Miscanthus Cultivation in Marginal Land for Bioenergy

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calliope Panoutsou ◽  
David Chiaramonti
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
The Impact

Substantial areas of agricultural land in south European countries are becoming increasingly marginal and being abandoned due to arid climate with prolonged summers and low rainfall. Perennial, lignocellulosic crops, such as Miscanthus, offer an outlet that couples agriculture with energy, creates employment, and increases profits from feedstock production in rural areas. This research paper follows an Input Output methodology and uses an econometric model to investigate the impact of crop yielding performance and marginal land to jobs and profit from the cultivation and supply of Miscanthus in low quality, marginal land in Italy and Greece. Two value chain cases are analysed: small scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Fast Pyrolysis Bio Oil (FPBO). The cultivation of Miscanthus in both reference value chains exhibits good employment prospects, with smaller scale value chains creating more labour-intensive logistics operations. The activities can also generate substantial financial profit especially with higher crop yields. Results show a pronounced relationship between profitability and crop yield for both reference value chains - cultivation and supply operations become more profitable with increasing yield. It is, therefore, important to achieve higher yields through good cropping practices, while maintaining high levels of environmental sustainability.

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