scholarly journals Who Works When? The Case of South Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yoo-Jean Song ◽  
Yun-Suk Lee
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Work Schedules ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
The Family ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Using Data

Although Korea’s long working hours are well-known, the work schedules of individuals with different socioeconomic characteristics have not been studied. This paper examines the timing of paid work and socioeconomic characteristics associated with work schedules in Korea. Using data from the Korean Time Use Survey (KTUS) 2014 and based on the analysis of employed people aged from 19 to 64, we found that a higher proportion of men work every hour of the day as compared to women. Women tend to start work late in the day, but a similar proportion of women and men work in the afternoon and evening. About 5 % work during non-standard hours, such as in the evening, at night, and in the early morning, and this percentage increases on the weekends. As in previous literature, divorced men and women or single women tend to work more during non-standard hours during weekdays and weekends. Both occupation and employment status are related to working non-standard hours, showing that women in service sectors and working as an unpaid employee at the family business, and men working in manual labor are more likely than people in other occupations to work during non-standard hours or weekends.

Sexual Division in Parenting: A Normative Context That Hinders Co-Responsibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110380
Author(s):  
José María García-de-Diego ◽  
Livia García-Faroldi
Keyword(s):  
Child Rearing ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Sexual Division ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
Social Images ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Using Data

Recent decades have seen an increase in women’s employment rates and an expansion of egalitarian values. Previous studies document the so-called “motherhood penalty,” which makes women’s employment more difficult. Demands for greater shared child-rearing between parents are hindered by a normative climate that supports differentiated gender roles in the family. Using data from the Center for Sociological Research [Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas] (2018), this study shows that the Spanish population perceives that differentiated social images of motherhood and fatherhood still persist. The “sexual division in parenting” index is proposed and the profile of the individuals who most perceive this sexual division is analyzed. The results show that women and younger people are the most aware of this social normativity that unequally distributes child care, making co-responsibility difficult. The political implications of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals Has the Economic Lockdown Following the Covid-19 Pandemic Changed the Gender Division of Labor in Israel?

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110012
Author(s):  
Meir Yaish ◽  
Hadas Mandel ◽  
Tali Kristal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
The Family ◽  
Allocation Of Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Families With Children

The economic shutdown and national lockdown following the outbreak of COVID-19 have increased demand for unpaid work at home, particularly among families with children, and reduced demand for paid work. Concurrently, the share of the workforce that has relocated its workplace to home has also increased. In this article, we examine the consequences of these processes for the allocation of time among paid work, housework, and care work for men and women in Israel. Using data on 2,027 Israeli adults whom we followed since the first week of March (before the spread of COVID-19), we focus on the effect of the second lockdown in Israel (in September) on the gender division of both paid and unpaid work. We find that as demand for housework caused by the lockdown increases, women—especially with children—increase their housework much more than men do, particularly when they work from home. The consequences of work from home and other flexible work arrangements for gender inequality within the family are discussed.

The Utility of Family Life Cycle as a Theoretical and Empirical Tool

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn A. Kapinus ◽  
Michael P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Family Life Cycle ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Using Data

Using data from a 1980 national sample of married men and women, the analysis examines the utility of the family life cycle concept, employing as dependent variables constructs from Johnson’s conceptualization of commitment. They argue, in disagreement with two classic critiques of the family life cycle concept, that the predictive power of family life cycle is, for many dependent variables, quite independent of age or length of marriage. Their analyses demonstrate that, when using dependent variables one would expect to be related to the presence and ages of children, family life cycle remains a useful predictive tool.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Caregiving: Racial Examinations of Resiliency and Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 352-352
Author(s):  
Athena Koumoutzis ◽  
Kelly Cichy
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stress Process Model ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Midlife Adults ◽  
Emotional Strain

Abstract Adult children are at risk of emotional strain when parental caregiving needs emerge. Pearlin’s Stress Process Model (1990) and caregiver studies suggest minority caregivers report lower subjective caregiving burden, however, few studies simultaneously consider both the stresses and rewards of caregiving. Using data from Wave II of the Family Exchange Study (N = 243), we examine racial differences in midlife adults’ perceptions (i.e., stress and rewards) of assisting their parents with activities of daily living (ADLs) and the associations between perceptions of ADL assistance and emotional well-being among adults who help their parents with ADLs. Compared to non-minority caregivers (M = 4.18, SD = 0.91), minority caregivers (M = 4.45, SD = 0.84) found it more rewarding to help their mother (t(314) = -2.54, p < .05), whereas non-minority caregivers (M = 2.25, SD = .1.27) found it more stressful to help their father than did minority caregivers (M = 1.64, SD = 0.99), t(162) = 3.01, p < .01). After controlling for demographics and ADL needs, linear regression analyses revealed that the stress of helping parents predicted depression (F(6, 189) = 5.30, p < .001) and race moderated the association (p < .01); the association was only significant for minority caregivers (p < .05). Implications will be discussed.

scholarly journals The impact of civil status on womencs wages in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Madalozzo ◽  
Carolina Flores Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Consensual Union ◽  
Women's Wages ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Consensual union, also known as cohabitation, has become more frequent in recent decades in Brazil and many other countries. In this context, some studies have analyzed the impact of marriage on women's wages. This article analyzes the effects of marital status on Brazilian women's wages by specifically investigating the individual characteristics of these effects using data from the 2000 Brazilian Census Database. This study concludes that wages differ by up to 15 per cent between married and single women and up to 3 per cent between married and cohabiting women.

scholarly journals Working conditions of nurses in the Family Health Strategy

10.3823/2606 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lázaro Clarindo Celestino ◽  
Laura Andrian Leal ◽  
Fernanda Ludmilla Rossi Rocha ◽  
Silvia Helena Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Occupational Risks ◽  
Basic Care ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
Mina Gerais ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Health Strategy

Background: To describe the working conditions of the nurses of the Family Health Strategy, characterizing the forms and modalities of work contract, types of bond, working hours, benefits, career plan and salaries. Method and Findings: Exploratory qualitative approach study. Participants were 18 nurses from the teams of the Family Health Strategy of a municipality in the countryside of Mina Gerais, Brazil. The data collection took place in July 2018 through interviews, using a script with closed questions. The Ethics Committee of the proposing Institution according to Official Letter 090/2018, CAAE 83419418.2.0000.5393, approved the study. Two forms of work contracts have been identified represented by the city hall and outsourced companies, the latter being the mode that offers the most benefits to workers. In addition, there was a lack of commensurate links, in addition to units with physical infrastructure that were compromised, lack of basic materials and supllies essential for the provision of care, absence of essential benefits for this category, insalubrity, commission for productivity, long journeys and overload of work, neglect and devaluation of the worker. Conclusions: This study should promote the managers' reflection on the working conditions offered to nurses in basic care, rethinking management models that help them cope with problems related to their work context, stimulating a healthy environment, mitigating possible occupational risks that could compromise physical or mental health of the worker.    

scholarly journals Distribution and Transmission of Medicinal Plant Knowledge in the Andean Highlands: A Case Study from Peru and Bolivia

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel ◽  
Ina Vandebroek
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Individual Motivation ◽  
Migratory Activity ◽  
Plant Knowledge ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Medicinal Plant Knowledge ◽  
The Family ◽  
Andean Highlands

This paper presents a study of patterns in the distribution and transmission of medicinal plant knowledge in rural Andean communities in Peru and Bolivia. Interviews and freelisting exercises were conducted with 18 households at each study site. The amount of medicinal plant knowledge of households was compared in relation to their socioeconomic characteristics. Cluster analysis was applied to identify households that possessed similar knowledge. The different modes of knowledge transmission were also assessed. Our study shows that while theamountof plant knowledge is determined by individual motivation and experience, thetypeof knowledge is influenced by the community of residence, age, migratory activity, and market integration. Plant knowledge was equally transmitted vertically and horizontally, which indicates that it is first acquired within the family but then undergoes transformations as a result of subsequent contacts with other knowledge sources, including age peers.

Diversity and Distribution of Eulophia in Uganda, East Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 242-260
Author(s):  
Mbeiza Mutekanga Norah
Keyword(s):  
Major Focus ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Makerere University ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
The Family ◽  
Botanical Research ◽  
Ground Truthing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Herbarium Collections

This paper presents a study of the diversity and distribution of the Genus Eulophia, of the family Orchidaceae, in Uganda. Eulophia comprises varied patterned and coloured flowers; is being hybridized and has a high potential in the horticulture industry. Using data from available databases in Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources ‐ MUIENR (2000), Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew and Leapendemics 1995 and from the herbarium collections, together with information from the field surveys of selected wetlands, a checklist, and distribution map were developed. This allowed for mapping of species distribution ranges and identification of areas of high Eulophia species diversity. The distribution maps of this genus are expected to open new avenues of botanical research, and also to make informed decisions on maintenance, restoration or re‐ introductions in the future. The results show that there are thirty (30) species of Eulophia in Uganda. Their latitude and longitudinal ranges, altitude and habitats where they thrive are presented. Ground truthing for their presence was done with the major focus being in wetlands. From the field surveys, eight species were recorded. The paper concludes by highlighting that despite the rampant alterations in the habitats where Eulophia grows, some still are existent though their numbers are small in each patch. This is a major challenge to continued survival and sustainable management of this species.

儒家如何看待脱離婚姻的生育行為——由單身女性「凍卵」問題引發的法律與倫理討論

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
Jie BAI
Keyword(s):  
Marriage Rate ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
Single Woman ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
The Family ◽  
Conservative Policy ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Right ◽  
Reproductive Activities

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.近年來得益於女性地位的提升與名人效應，單身女性凍卵問題日趨成為社會輿論關注的焦點，由此也引發了法學界對單身女性生育權的討論。然而，單身女性凍卵不僅僅是一個法律議題，更是一個倫理問題。不僅法律和法規的制定和修訂中多有涉及對倫理的關照，凍卵的臨床實踐中也廣泛存在對倫理的考量。在結婚率和生育率持續走低當下社會，相當一部分單身 女性選擇凍卵的動機是希望脱離婚姻而進行自主的生育行 為。值得深思的是，東亞的儒教國家對輔助生殖的使用限制最為嚴格、政策最為保守。本文試圖通過分析儒家會如何看待脱離婚姻的生育行為，來探討儒學倫理對單身女性凍卵抱有怎麽樣的態度、能夠帶來怎麽的啟示。本文認為，儘管在法律維度上應該肯定單身女性擁有生育權，但在倫理層面上，脱離婚姻的生育行為應該極為審慎，因為其有違儒家倫理中對家庭秩序的看重，同時也讓“雙親撫育”難以得到實現。In recent years, thanks to the promotion of the status of women and the celebrity effect, the issue of the frozen eggs of single women has become a focus of public opinion, leading to discussion of the reproductive rights of single women in the legal arena. However, single women's frozen eggs are also an ethical issue. The laws and regulations not only involve ethics, but also ethical considerations in the clinical practice of frozen eggs. In today's society, in which the marriage rate and fertility rate continue to decline, many single women choose to freeze their eggs to distinguish between reproductive activities and marriage. It is worth thinking about the fact that Confucian East Asia has the strictest restrictions and most conservative policy on the use of assisted reproduction. This paper explores how Confucian ethics have a different position on single women’s frozen eggs by analyzing how Confucianism views fertility behaviors that are separated from marriage. It argues that although it is certain that a single woman has the right to give birth in the legal dimension, ethically, the procreative behavior of marriage should be taken with caution, as it violates the Confucian ethic of the family order by making parental care more difficult.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 45 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

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