L'etica e le domande dello storico: Bronislaw Baczko

2009 ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Michel Porret
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Democratic Culture ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Ethical Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collective Imagination

- What meaning has the Enlightenment in relationship to modernity and progress of the human spirit? This question is the main theme of the historiographic work of Bronislaw Baczko, whose thought is revisited by Michel Porret in the short introductory essay to the article of the polish intellectual. Porret captures the central essence of Baczko's work, in which he recognizes in the century of Voltaire the roots of modern political thought. Through his studies of intellectual, cultural and political history of the eighteenth century, the polish historian renewed the way of interpreting the heritage of the Enlightenment. In fact, he causes a break with the historiographic tradition by emphasizing that the symbolic, philosophical and legal apparatus that the French Revolution of 1789 inherited from the Enlightenment, is the premise to the invention of democracy. Porret highlights Bazcko's interpretation of this cultural and political project beginning with Rousseau's criticism of eighteenth century's thought and society. The Genevan philosopher provided cultural, linguistic and political tools to the Revolution, which, in turn, elaborated a new political language through the dialect between «exercise of power» and «collective imagination». According to Porret, from this «imagination» that intertwines politics and society and represents its power through symbolic spaces such as the Panthéon and other monuments, Bazcko conceived the idea of utopia as a «mental horizon» that gives meaning to the expectations of the community and which imposes on democracy its continuing institutional reform. The conclusions of Porret tend to emphasize that the polish historian is not disenchanted towards the moral responsibilities of those who make history. According to Bazcko, to examine «modern political myths», born with the Enlightenment, means to give meaning to «our democratic culture rooted in our egalitarian imagination» and to the ethical role of the historian.Key words: the Enlightenment, Rousseau, revolution, progress, modernity, utopia, imagination, democracy.Parole chiave: Illuminismo, Rousseau, rivoluzione, progresso, modernità, utopia, immaginario, democrazia.

“Russian” Spengler and the Destiny of World History in Russian Philosophy in the Beginning of the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 115-128
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Kudryavtsev ◽  
Alexandra I. Vakulinskaya
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Ideological Influence ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Factor ◽  
In The Beginning

This article deals with the history of Russian philosophers ‘acquaintance with the ideas of O. Spengler, set forth in his work “The Decline of the West”. The authors point out that the initial orientation of Russian thought towards Historiosophy, problems of history and ontology became the key factor of Spengler’s popularity in Russia. The article considers and analyzes critical and methodological approaches to the theory of cultural and historical types by O. Spengler and N. Ya. Danilevsky within the framework of Russian philosophical thought. The authors pay attention to the ideological influence of the United States as the country which adheres to the ideas of the Enlightenment, as well as to German thinkers, who visited this country in the early twentieth century. It is concluded that the global scenario of the human civilization development, that used to be the mainstream of its formation before the events of the beginning of this year, is unsuitable and untenable. The authors insist on the important role of the theory of cultural and historical types supported and developed by Russian emigration representatives, and focus on the importance of the religious factor in the process of cultural revival.

A ‘milky mass’ and ‘uniform material’: white marble in eighteenth-century French discourses on sculpture and geology

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225
Author(s):  
Marthe Kretzschmar
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Denis Diderot ◽  
Art Theory ◽  
White Marble ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interdisciplinary Network

Knowledge of the materiality of stone during the Enlightenment expanded following the exploration of mineralogical structure, to alter ideas about taxonomy and challenge the role of rocks in the history of the earth. Close studies of the material of marble sculpture generated expertise on grain size, surface varieties and stone deposits. This mode of reception became intertwined with contemporary controversies about the age of the earth. This article focuses on both French sculpture and geological discourses of the eighteenth century to reveal an international and interdisciplinary network centring on protagonists such as Denis Diderot, Paul-Henri Thiry d’Holbach and Étienne-Maurice Falconet; through these figures, debates can be connected concerning both geology and art theory. Within these contexts, the article discusses the translation processes between these artistic and geological interests.

“A GLOWING FOOTPRINT”: HERZEN, PROUDHON, AND THE ROLE OF THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONARY

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-204
Author(s):  
AILEEN KELLY
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Common View ◽  
Social Philosopher ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religion Of Humanity ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
Century Thought

The founder of Russian socialism, Alexander Herzen, was also an original moral and social philosopher, anticipating much twentieth-century thought in his attack on “grand narratives” that endow history with a rational direction and a final goal. The critique of radical utopianism which he based on his observations of the French revolution of 1848 did not (contrary to the common view) deprive him of any further role as a revolutionary intellectual. Rather, it forced him to redefine this role. The key influences on him in this respect were the thought and the activity of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He saw Proudhon's attack on the anthropotheism of Feuerbach's “religion of humanity” as completing the demystification of the world begun by the Left Hegelians' critique of religious alienation, and interpreted Proudhon's unpopularity with the French Left as confirmation of his role as a forerunner who had articulated a vision of freedom from transcendent authorities and systems much in advance of his time. During his subsequent involvement in the Russian political scene Herzen modelled himself to a significant degree on Proudhon, attacking systematizers on all sides, urging a pragmatic approach to the problem of political reform, and accepting his loss of influence among Russian radicals as the price for unmasking the authoritarianism hidden in the ideologies of the Left: a notable instance of cross-cultural influences at work in the history of nineteenth-century revolutionary thought.

scholarly journals The Monobloc Chair: Democratising the Practice of Sitting

Res Mobilis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Carsten Kullmann
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article examines the cultural history of chairs to understand the many meanings the Monobloc can acquire. The history of chairs is traced from post nomadic culture through the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment period and the French Revolution. Subsequently, I will examine the Monobloc from a Cultural Studies perspective and demonstrate how its unique characteristics allow multiple meanings, which are always dependent on context and discourse. Thus, the Monobloc becomes an utterly democratic symbol of popular culture that can be appropriated for any use.

scholarly journals THE HISTORY OF A CALENDAR AS A CUMULATIVE TEXT OF MASS MEDIA IN THE ETHNIC CULTURE OF GERMANY

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 976-981
Author(s):  
U.A. Nebesnyuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Ethnic Culture ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
History Of

The article presents the analysis of composition, forms and functions of a calendar as a cumulative text of mass media in the ethnic culture of Germany from the mid-fifteenth until the early nineteenth century. It was revealed that, in connection with the growing role of narrative entertainment part since the 10s of the nineteenth century and the politicization of social consciousness during the great French Revolution, the calendar as a truly national medium of information has been undergone literarization, having lost its original meaning. Calendar stories have formed an independent literary genre which had received the name «Kalendergeschichte» in German tradition.

scholarly journals Modernization of Arts Education Paradigm by the Principle of Historical Continuity

Pedagogika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Vaidas Matonis
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Arts Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Intercultural Dialogue ◽  
Democratic Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
History Of

The purpose of the article is to show how the principle of historical continuity could be realized in order to make educational process more integral and purposeful. Research reveals relevance of historical continuity to the valuable forms of human’s spiritual activity. Main ideas which are developed in the article are based on the principles of the cultural policy elaborated by M. Lukšiene. The author of the article established a goal to evaluate art as a means to educate the sense and/or understanding of historical continuity, by the same token elevating perception of artworks to the metacognitive level and enlarging the field of historical and cultural contexts. Material of the investigation is laid by invoking the philosophical analysis of socio- and psychocultural phenomena and their impact on modernization of arts education. The role of the historical continuity and cultural awareness have activated during the last decades after the method of interpretation had intensified in valuable forms of human spiritual activity (moral, politics, aesthetics). So after such qualities of the works of art as depiction and/or craftsmanship had depreciated, the interpretation of the works of art and even the evaluation of interpretations sets in more and more robustly. In the presents of such or other contradictions the reform of European education has rippled by various different waves. As a result, the competence of democratic culture which enables the values, including artistic values, of democratic culture to implant to the attitudes of learners becomes the most essential orientation for teacher education. Development of democratic culture in EU defies such aspects of activity as knowledge and understanding of human rights, democratic participation and especially the development of competence for engaging in a meaningful and open - minded intercultural dialogue. Author is convinced that in order to realize and promote these ideas they should be accompanied by the development of the competence of dialogue with the past. Development of the competences of historical continuity and cultural context is increasing by mastering the ideas of great thinkers on education, including arts education, and helps to impersonate one of the most important domains of cultural heritage – educational potential of culture. In other words, historical continuity and cultural context are such core principles and values which can enable the development of the competence of full-rate intercultural dialogue. In case of arts education, when the paradigm of artistic thinking is rapidly changing, it is evident that an integrated history of artistic education should be developed. The main role of such academic course is not only to reveal cultural peculiarities of different countries but also to show the reasons of unequal educational power of different arts in different epochs. The role of historical continuity and cultural context is growing according to the development of digital technologies which are changing social conditions and possibilities of traditional artistic functions. Just the history of art and ideas of artistic education could balance both historical continuity of social artistic functions and involve learners into dialogue with the past.

scholarly journals Tutor and Tutoring in the History of Education (to the Great French Revolution)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Ludwik Szuba
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia

AbstractThe article aims at presenting the history of tutoring and the role of a tutor in one of the most significant educational concepts in the world starting with the ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, China or the countries of Europe-Greece, Rome, England, Ireland, Kingdom of the Franks, the Roman Empire, France, Poland, Italy, ending with the immense social transformations sparked by the French Revolution. Throughout the centuries the role of tutors was of great significance since by staying in homes of their pupils not only did they educate but by the direct relation between a master and an apprentice, based on friendship and mutual trust, which initiated honest discussion, they influenced to a great extent the shaping of their pupils` personalities…

scholarly journals Biophilia in modern architectural practice: recommendations for Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Danica Stankovic ◽  
Aleksandra Cvetanovic ◽  
Aleksandra Rancic ◽  
Vojislav Nikolic ◽  
Bojan Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Practice Recommendations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quality Of Living

Architecture and its natural environment have always been inextricably intertwined throughout the centuries-old history of civil engineering development. Nowadays, when rapid development and accelerated technological innovations take place and the planet becomes everyday endangered as the result of human activities, nature is a main theme and support, in the focus of architectural creation more than ever. Biophilia in architecture represents an innovational method of architectural designing, in which the accent is on the role of nature in the quality of living and working in built areas. An architecture created based on this principle represents the architecture of the future. This architecture is imagined and created as a healthy and productive environment for a modern man, both in terms of indoor space and in the planning of local communities as active and sociable neighborhoods. By using an analytical descriptive methodology and research references, this paper focuses on contemporary experiences and analyzes selected case studies, in order to establish the elements of a possible model for architectural practice in Serbia.

scholarly journals Enlightenment philosophy and scepticism

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Sławomir Sztajer
Keyword(s):  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Enlightenment Philosophy

The article discusses the role of scepticism in the Enlightenment. For many historians of philosophy, Enlightenment was a hiatus in the history of scepticism. Ideas often attributed to the Enlightenment, such as the cult of reason, optimism and the belief in progress, seem to be contrary to scepticism. I argue that this simplistic view of the Enlightenment is far from reality. The Enlightenment not only brought forth such great followers of scepticism as Hume, but also influenced other thinkers in many different ways. The influence of scepticism is not always clearly visible in the philosophical works of that time. Moreover, few philosophers would describe themselves as sceptics. Nevertheless, if one considers different ways in which scepticism influenced Enlightenment philosophy, it becomes apparent that the assertion that scepticism was allegedly absent in the Enlightenment is untenable.

Monasticism in Early Modern Germany

2020 ◽  
pp. 461-470
Author(s):  
Edeltraud Klueting
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Modern Germany ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

The chapter addresses the history of monasticism in the German-speaking territories of the Holy Roman Empire from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Whether the Reformation movement unleashed by Martin Luther represented a continuation of late medieval monastic reforms or, rather, an abrupt departure from them, is a contentious issue. In the Catholic parts of Germany, after the Council of Trent, monasteries became significant agents in the renewal of the Church, especially in the areas of education and social and charitable activity. On the other hand, the Enlightenment, with its narrow conception of utility, called into question the very basis of monastic life, and hence the right of monasteries to exist. The fallout of the French Revolution and the French occupation of the left bank of the Rhine led to a great wave of monastic dissolutions. It was only under the influence of German Romanticism that monasticism experienced another revival.

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