scholarly journals Intention to Create Legal Relations and the Reform of Contract law: A Conservative Approach in the Modern Global Era Social Development, Customary Law and Administration of Justice in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
James E. Archibong
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Conservative Approach ◽  
Global Era ◽  
Administration Of Justice

Intention to create legal relations is one of the essential elements of a valid contract. It is a critical factor in validating a contract alongside offer, acceptance and consideration. Even when an agreement fulfills these three basic elements, failure to prove intent to be legally bound nullifies the contract and justifies the refusal of the justice system to enforce it. It has been argued on one hand that as far as an agreement has met the basic elements of offer, acceptance and consideration necessitating a separate test of intention to create legal relations is inordinate. On the other hand, it has also been submitted that the doctrine should be retained. Through an analytical approach, this paper examines both sides of the contention and resolves in favour of retaining the doctrine. This will enhance commerce; guaranty contracting parties’ uninhibited right and freedom to enter into a contract and ensure certainty and stability in the realm of contract in a manner consistent with the requirements of modern global era.

ASAS TERBUKA UNTUK UMUM DAN KEHADIRAN FISIK PARA PIHAK DALAM SIDANG DI PENGADILAN NEGERI PASCA PERATURAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-250
Author(s):  
Bernadette M Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Basic Principle ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
District Court ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Law Courts ◽  
Court Proceedings

The Indonesian Supreme Court, in response to the information era, modernizes the civil procedural rules at the district court level.  This is done by issuing Supreme Court Regulation no. 1 of 2019 re. Administration of Justice at Civil Law Courts and Electronic-Court Proceedings. Undoubtedly, modernization of existing rules on the administration of justice is much needed.  On the other hand, these changes may violate a number of procedural civil law principles.  The author argues, from a civil procedural law perspective, that the above Supreme Court regulation violates the basic principle of transparency of court proceedings and physical attendance at court proceedings. 

A Note on Mandela v Executors, Estate Nelson Mandela 2018 (4) SA 86 (SCA) and the Conundrum around the Customary Marriage between Nelson and Winnie Mandela

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sipho Stephen Nkosi
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
High Court ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Court Of Appeal

The note is about the appeal lodged by the late Mrs Winnie Madikizela-Mandela to the SCA against the decision of the Eastern Cape High Court, Mthatha, dismissing her application for review in 2014. In that application, she sought to have reviewed the decision of the Minister of Land Affairs, to transfer the now extended and renovated Qunu property to Mr Mandela and to register it in his name. Because her application was out of time, she also applied for condonation of her delay in making the application. The court a quo dismissed both applications with costs, holding that there had been an undue delay on her part. Mrs Mandela then approached the Supreme Court of Appeal, for special leave to appeal the decision of the court a quo. Two questions fell for decision by the SCA: whether there was an unreasonable and undue delay on Mrs Mandela’s part in instituting review proceedings; and whether the order for costs was appropriate in the circumstances of the case. The SCA held that there was indeed an unreasonable delay (of seventeen years). Shongwe AP (with Swain, Mathopo JJA, Mokgothloa and Rodgers AJJA concurring) held that the fact that there had been an undue delay does not necessarily mean that an order for costs should, of necessity, particularly where, as in this case, the other litigant is the state. It is the writer’s view that two other ancillary points needed to be raised by counsel and pronounced on by the Court: (a) the lawfulness and regularity of the transfer of the Qunu property to Mr Mandela; and (b) Mrs Mandela’s status as a customary-law widow—in relation to Mr Mandela.

FORCE MAJEURE, CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES AND TERMINATION OF CONTRACT

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Shiyuan Han
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Dual Model ◽  
Chinese Law ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Distinct Line

It is impossible to draw a distinct line between force majeure and change of circumstances, because the two overlap. In order to regulate both force majeure and change of circumstances, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has adopted a unified model in article 79, whereas Chinese law adopts a dual model by treating them as different things and regulating them in different articles. Where the purpose of a contract becomes impossible to achieve because of a force majeure and both the CISG and Chinese Contract Law (the CCL) adopt the same model of termination of the contract, the contract should be terminated by one party with a notice to the other party instead of ipso facto avoidance. In a case of a change of circumstances, in order to terminate the contract, both the CISG and the CCL actually follow the path of raising an action by a notice of avoidance or termination to theother party. Both approaches have their merits and demerits but the differences between them in practice are not as large as presumed. Where force majeure and change of circumstances overlap each other, possible ways for termination of the contract are for a party either to choose their preferred solution or to follow the lex specialis derogat generali. The latter way is preferred in this article; and while in an action for termination the judge may balance the interests of both parties in making a final decision, the uniform application of the law, the safety of the transaction and the fairness of the judgment may be ensured in so doing.

scholarly journals Heritage Artefacts in the COVID-19 Era: The Aura and Authenticity of 3D Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 519-539
Author(s):  
Thiago Minete Cardozo ◽  
Costas Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
The One ◽  
Digital Engagement

Abstract Museums have been increasingly investing in their digital presence. This became more pressing during the COVID-19 pandemic since heritage institutions had, on the one hand, to temporarily close their doors to visitors while, on the other, find ways to communicate their collections to the public. Virtual tours, revamped websites, and 3D models of cultural artefacts were only a few of the means that museums devised to create alternative ways of digital engagement and counteract the physical and social distancing measures. Although 3D models and collections provide novel ways to interact, visualise, and comprehend the materiality and sensoriality of physical objects, their mediation in digital forms misses essential elements that contribute to (virtual) visitor/user experience. This article explores three-dimensional digitisations of museum artefacts, particularly problematising their aura and authenticity in comparison to their physical counterparts. Building on several studies that have problematised these two concepts, this article establishes an exploratory framework aimed at evaluating the experience of aura and authenticity in 3D digitisations. This exploration allowed us to conclude that even though some aspects of aura and authenticity are intrinsically related to the physicality and materiality of the original, 3D models can still manifest aura and authenticity, as long as a series of parameters, including multimodal contextualisation, interactivity, and affective experiences are facilitated.

FISCAL EQUIVALENCE: PRINCIPLE AND PREDATION IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-265
Author(s):  
Emily C. Skarbek
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Public ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Internal Pressures ◽  
And Control

AbstractFiscal equivalence in the public administration of justice requires local police and courts to be financed exclusively by the populations that benefit from their services. Within a polycentric framework, broad based taxation to achieve fiscal equivalence is a desirable principle of public finance because it conceptually allows for the provision of justice to be determined by constituent’s preferences, and increases the political accountability of service providers to constituents. However, the overproduction of justice services can readily occur when the benefits of the justice system are not enjoyed equally. Paradoxically, the same properties that make fiscal equivalence desirable by imposing restraint and control between constituents and local government also create internal pressures for agents of the state to engage in predatory, revenue-generating behavior.

الأمر بالعشرة بالمعروف في القرآن الكريم وأثره على العلاقات الأسرية

2021 ◽  
pp. arabic cover-english cover
Author(s):  
علي عبد العزيز سيور
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Knowledge System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Text ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

يجيب البحث عن إشكالية تتعلق بالعلاقات الأسرية من جهة الاحتكام للأعراف في النفقة والمسكن والملبس وغيرها، مما يترتب على ذلك خلافات تفضي ببعضها إلى المحاكم، وقد تنتهي بالطلاق. وقد هدف البحث إلى : 1 ـ تقديم منظومة معرفية متعلقة بدلالات العشرة بالمعروف من أجل الإسهام في إعادة تشكيل عقلية ناضجة للزوجين تضبط العلاقة بينهما عند الخلاف. 2 ـ تسليط الضوء على أبعاد وحدود المعروف نصًا والمعروف عرفًا في الأسرة. 3 ـ التأكيد على أن العشرة بالمعروف متبادلة بين كل من الزوج والزوجة، لا يقتصر هذا التكليف على واحد دون الآخر. وقد اعتمدت المنهج الاستقرائي عبر جمع الايات القرآنية ذات الصلة وذكر أقوال المفسرين والفقهاء، والمنهج التحليلي في فهم دلالات الألفاظ وتوجيهات المفسرين، والمنهج الاستنباطي بغية الوصول إلى ضوابط جامعة تخدم الهدف العام للبحث، وانتهى البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات ومنها: اعتبار العرف الذي لا يخالف نصًا شرعيًا قاعدة من القواعد المعتبرة في ضبط العلاقات بين الزوجين. بشرط أن يقع تحت قدرة الزوج وطاقته، وأن يكون مما انتشر بين الناس، وينطبق على الأسرة مثله. القرآن الكريم ـ العشرة بالمعروف – العلاقة الأسرية – الحقوق بين الزوجين – العرف وأثره بين الزوجين. Summary The research answers a problem related to family relations in terms of resorting to customs in alimony, housing, clothing, and others...which results in disputes that may lead to some of them in the courts and may end in divorce. The aim of the research was to 1 - presenting a knowledge system related to the semantics of the good-natured in order to contribute to reshaping a mature mentality of the spouses that controls the relationship between them in the event of disagreement. 2 - and to shed light on the dimensions and limits of what is textually known and what is known by convention in the family. 3 - Emphasis on that good practice is mutual. Between both husband and wife, this assignment is not limited to one without the other. The inductive approach was adopted by collecting the relevant Qur’anic verses and mentioning the sayings of the commentators and jurists, the analytical approach in understanding the semantics of the words and the directives of the interpreters, and the deductive approach in order to reach comprehensive controls that serve the general objective of the research, and the research ended with a set of results and recommendations, including: Considering the custom that does not contradict A legal text is one of the considered rules in controlling relations between spouses. Provided that it falls under the husband’s ability and energy, and that it is something that has spread among people, and applies to the family like him. The Noble Qur’an - Ten Laws - Family Relationship - Rights between spouses - Custom and its effect between spouses.

scholarly journals Rationales and Applications of Mutuality of Obligations in Iranian Contract Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Majid Sarbazian ◽  
Soroush Rostamzad Asli
Keyword(s):  
Contract Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Main Challenge

In Iranian laws, commitment is exchangeable if it is of proper and rational interest. In exchangeable contracts, it needs that parties perform their commitments mutually and in the case of not performing the commitments by one party, another one can refuse its commitments as called lien. There are also cases in which some terms are cancelled since they destroy the powers of one party to enforce the other party in performing his commitment. On this basis, the main challenge of present paper is to study the nature and status of mutuality of obligations doctrine in Iranian laws and studying its basics and implications. At the end, it is recognized that although mutuality of obligations is not raised in Iranian laws as a legal doctrine, it is effective in shaping and undertaking an exchangeable commitment.

Murder and Manslaughter in Malawi's Traditional Courts

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Brietzke
Keyword(s):  
Customary Law ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Criminal Jurisdiction ◽  
The People ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The Government

In 1969, Malawi accorded extensive criminal jurisdiction to its Local or Traditional Courts, in an attempt to make the administration of justice more palatable to the Government and the people. There has been a sufficient number of Traditional Court decisions to permit a tentative analysis of the results of this experiment. A deeper study awaits the passage of time. This article is an attempt to inject some objective evidence into the debate over the desirability of courts in which lay judges apply customary law.

scholarly journals ¿Cómo influye el tamaño del campo de texto en las respuestas a preguntas abiertas? Evidencias de un diseño experimental/The influence of box size on responses to open-ended questions: Results from a split-ballot experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Carmen María León ◽  
Eva Aizpurúa ◽  
David Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Questionnaire Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Design ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

RESUMENEl diseño visual de los cuestionarios puede afectar a la calidad de los datos obtenidos, especialmente cuando se formulan preguntas abiertas donde los encuestados responden con sus propias palabras. En este trabajo se analizan los efectos de manipular el tamaño del espacio proporcionado para la respuesta en un conjunto de preguntas abiertas incluidas en un cuestionario auto-administrado sobre opiniones hacia la administración de justicia en España. Para ello se recurrió a un experimento split-ballot, dividiendo la muestra (N = 100) en dos mitades equivalentes que recibieron dos cuestionarios con el mismo contenido, pero con diferentes tamaños de campo de respuesta (pequeño y grande) en 16 preguntas abiertas. Los resultados muestran que los participantes que recibieron campos de texto grandes escribieron un mayor número de palabras en sus respuestas. Sin embargo, la manipulación en el campo de texto no influyó en 1) el número de temas abordados; ni en 2) el tiempo empleado para cumplimentar los cuestionarios. Sobre la base ABSTRACTThe visual design of questionnaires can affect the quality of the data obtained, especially when asking open-ended questions that respondents answer in their own words. In this paper, we analyze the effects of manipulating the size of the text boxes provided for answers to a set of open-ended questions in a self-administered questionnaire about opinions of the Criminal Justice system in Spain. For this, a split-ballot experiment was conducted dividing the sample (N = 100) into two equivalent halves. One half received questionnaires with small box sizes for the answers to the 16 open-ended questions while the other half received questionnaires with larger box sizes. The content on the questionnaires was the same. The results showed that those participants who received larger text boxes provided longer answers. However, manipulation of the text box did not influence 1) the number of issues addressed; or 2) response times. The results and their implications for questionnaire design are discussed.

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