The air pollution contributions of a large-scale suburban development

In 2007, Toronto Public Health found that air pollution from traffic causes as many as 440 premature deaths and 1,700 hospitalizations annually in the city. Many researchers have demonstrated the links between urban design and vehicle use, however little research has been done to address the air pollution contributions of vehicle-dependent, large-scale suburban developments. To address this deficiency, this study estimated the air pollution contributions of a 6,755 unit approved subdivision, to be built in the Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario. Using the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation's Tool for Evaluating Neighbourhood Sustainability and Transporation Canada's urban Transportation Emissions Caculator the quantity of vehicle-produced criteria air contaminants were estimated for the development in the years 2010 and 2030. The quantity of CAC emissions estimated for both 2010 and 2030 suggest that the forecast emissions from the development are non-trivial and that further study should be conducted to estimate the health impacts of this development.

The air pollution contributions of a large-scale suburban development

10.32920/ryerson.14646468 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Victoria Grace Di Poce

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Urban Design ◽

Large Scale ◽

Urban Transportation ◽

Air Contaminants ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

Transportation Emissions ◽

Suburban Developments ◽

The City ◽

The Passage Graves of Antequera, and Maes Howe, Orkney

The Antiquaries Journal ◽

10.1017/s0003581500046837 ◽

1934 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 404-413

Author(s):

W. J. Hemp

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Southern Spain ◽

The Road ◽

The Third ◽

Good Representative ◽

Nearest Point ◽

Large Round ◽

Paris Region ◽

The City ◽

Antequera, in southern Spain, is in the province of Malaga, a little more than twenty miles north of the city of that name, the nearest point on the coast. The town lies at the foot of the mountains, overlooking a large and fertile plain; while just outside it, near the road to Granada, are three tombs which are notable in several ways. Two of them are less than a kilometre distant, the third lies farther away in the plain itself (pl. liii, I).Perhaps the most striking feature of this comparatively isolated group is their marked dissimilarity from each other in type, one being a good representative of the ' cupola tombs' of Iberia; another, a simple long megalithic chamber and antechamber, built on a large scale; while the third, with its holed stone entrances, recalls the allées couvertes of the Paris region.One feature they share, however, which does not seem to have been satisfactorily recorded, namely that each is contained in a large round barrow. All three barrows are formed of natural hillocks which have been scarped and shaped to form symmetrical circular tumuli.

Athenian Synoikism of the Fifth Century B.C., or Two Stories of Theseus

Greece and Rome ◽

10.1093/gr/46.2.168 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 168-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Valerij Goušchin

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Fifth Century ◽

Physical Aspect ◽

Naval Power ◽

Delian League ◽

The Difference ◽

First Time ◽

The City ◽

The Town ◽

Greek World

On the eve of the Peloponnesian War Athens was a great urban agglomeration. It was almost invulnerable to an enemy. So in 431 B.C. the Athenians began to migrate from the countryside into the city on the advice of Pericles (Thuc. 2.14–16). This recalled to Thucydides the time of Theseus (Thuc. 2.15). S. Hornblower regards this migration as the long-postponed physical synoikism, or synoikism in its physical aspect. He insists on the difference between political and physical synoikism, the former being the political unification of the state and the latter mainly the migration into the city. But the Athenians did not migrate into the city for the first time in 431. At the time of Xerxes' invasion the inhabitants of Attica were to be moved into the city before being evacuated to Salamis and elsewhere, and the invasion made their vulnerability clear to the Athenians. They suffered two evacuations, the devastation of Attica and the substantial destruction of Athens. Through driving back the Persians Athens became the leader of the Delian League and acquired great naval power. The change of Athens' position in the Greek world and the damage caused by the Persians necessitated a major reconstruction of the town. The Athenians began with the town and harbour. They built the walls of the city and of the Piraeus first of all. Beforelong the Piraeus had been built on a large scale. In these years the Athenians remembered Theseus again, and he now gained honour and esteem among all the Athenians.

Application research of urban subway traffic mode based on behavior entropy in the background of big data

Journal of High Speed Networks ◽

10.3233/jhs-210668 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Wanxin Hu ◽

Fen Cheng

Keyword(s):

Big Data ◽

Large Scale ◽

Transportation Networks ◽

Transportation Network ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Urban Transportation ◽

Transportation System ◽

Urban Traffic ◽

Time Optimization ◽

With the development of society and the Internet and the advent of the cloud era, people began to pay attention to big data. The background of big data brings opportunities and challenges to the research of urban intelligent transportation networks. Urban transportation system is one of the important foundations for maintaining urban operation. The rapid development of the city has brought tremendous pressure on the traffic, and the congestion of urban traffic has restricted the healthy development of the city. Therefore, how to improve the urban transportation network model and improve transportation and transportation has become an urgent problem to be solved in urban development. Specific patterns hidden in large-scale crowd movements can be studied through transportation networks such as subway networks to explore urban subway transportation modes to support corresponding decisions in urban planning, transportation planning, public health, social networks, and so on. Research on urban subway traffic patterns is crucial. At the same time, a correct understanding of the behavior patterns and laws of residents’ travel is a key factor in solving urban traffic problems. Therefore, this paper takes the metro operation big data as the background, takes the passenger travel behavior in the urban subway transportation system as the research object, uses the behavior entropy to measure the human behavior, and actively explores the urban subway traffic mode based on the metro passenger behavior entropy in the context of big data. At the same time, the congestion degree of the subway station is analyzed, and the redundancy time optimization model of the subway train stop is established to improve the efficiency of the subway operation, so as to provide important and objective data and theoretical support for the traveler, planner and decision maker. Compared to the operation graph without redundant time, the total travel time optimization effect of passengers is 7.74%, and the waiting time optimization effect of passengers is 6.583%.

Manchester Black and Blue

Bulletin of the John Rylands Library ◽

10.7227/bjrl.89.1.11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 277-291

Author(s):

Andrew Crompton

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Town Hall ◽

Coal Gas ◽

Canal Street ◽

Burning Coal ◽

The City ◽

In living memory, Manchester was black from air pollution caused by burning coal. Today only fragments of that blackness remain, although its former presence can be inferred from precautions taken at the time to protect buildings from soot. At Canal Street in Miles Platting the colouring caused by consuming coal was blue, the result of contamination with a by-product of the purification of coal-gas. It is argued that because the blue street can be seen as beautiful then so can the black walls, which should be treated as an authentic part of the city. The most significant remains are 22 Lever Street and the inner courtyards of the Town Hall, which ought to be preserved in their dirty state.

Discovering place-informative scenes and objects using social media photos

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.181375 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 181375 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Fan Zhang ◽

Bolei Zhou ◽

Carlo Ratti ◽

Yu Liu

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Urban Design ◽

Architectural Design ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Large Scale ◽

Urban Scenes ◽

Visual Knowledge ◽

Historical Architecture ◽

Police Cars ◽

Understanding the visual discrepancy and heterogeneity of different places is of great interest to architectural design, urban design and tourism planning. However, previous studies have been limited by the lack of adequate data and efficient methods to quantify the visual aspects of a place. This work proposes a data-driven framework to explore the place-informative scenes and objects by employing deep convolutional neural network to learn and measure the visual knowledge of place appearance automatically from a massive dataset of photos and imagery. Based on the proposed framework, we compare the visual similarity and visual distinctiveness of 18 cities worldwide using millions of geo-tagged photos obtained from social media. As a result, we identify the visual cues of each city that distinguish that city from others: other than landmarks, a large number of historical architecture, religious sites, unique urban scenes, along with some unusual natural landscapes have been identified as the most place-informative elements. In terms of the city-informative objects, taking vehicles as an example, we find that the taxis, police cars and ambulances are the most place-informative objects. The results of this work are inspiring for various fields—providing insights on what large-scale geo-tagged data can achieve in understanding place formalization and urban design.

Spatial Features Transformation of Emission from Motor Vehicles in Moscow

GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY ◽

10.24057/2071-9388-2019-75 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 57-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Viktoria R. Bityukova ◽

Nikita A. Mozgunov

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Research Result ◽

Transport Infrastructure ◽

Main Trend ◽

Absolute Maximum ◽

Pollution Transport ◽

Car Park ◽

The article examines changing volumes of emission from vehicles by administrative and municipal districts of Moscow. In Moscow automobile transport is the general source of pollution, it produces more than 93% of allover, and this is the absolute maximum of impact for Russian cities and regions. In 2011-2017, it was the first time when the growth of motorization was noticed against background of reduce of pollution due to modernization of car park and new quality of petrol. Total gross emission from vehicles decreased four times. Shifts in the factors defining spatial specifics of distribution of pollution from vehicles are revealed. Assessments of air pollution based on information of all Moscow streets provides estimations for 93 thousand low-level city areas. One of the research result revealed a high correlation between changes of pollution density and changes in transport infrastructure including developing of public transportation, modernization of car park structure. Spatial uniformity of pollution from vehicles has become the main trend of recent years. Programs of the new housing construction and large-scale projects aimed at the transformation of the districts increase the transport connectivity of the city. Administrative decisions on the traffic intensity reduction in the central districts decrease territorial differentiation of pollution. Transport and planning structure at the level of the city, the district, and the area is the defining characteristic. An attempt to solve the transport problem through the transformation of the street road network complicates the application of innovative techniques for combatting air pollution in Moscow.

Diesel Emissions Increase Air Pollution during the Carnival Festival in Salvador, Bahia-Brazil

10.20944/preprints201804.0346.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Nelzair A. Vianna ◽

Priscila Novaes ◽

Nelson Gnoatto ◽

Simone Miraglia ◽

Paulo H. Saldiva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Risk Analysis ◽

Human Health ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Atmospheric Pollution ◽

Large Scale ◽

Municipal Government ◽

Public Events ◽

Atmospheric pollution arising from diesel-powered engines can result in acute and chronic diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The annual carnival festival that takes place in the city of Salvador, Bahia-Brazil, is a large-scale event that gathers approximately 2 m revelers and 170,000 workers who accompany dozens of sound-trucks, or trios elétricos, for a period of seven days. These slow-moving sound-trucks run on diesel fuel, constantly exposing those around them to exhaust fumes. The present study aimed to evaluate air quality along the approximately 10km-long carnival parade circuit and determine possible impacts on human health. We applied a three-phase risk analysis strategy from 2007–2009: 1) hazard identification, 2) risk characterization and 3) risk management. Our quantification of atmospheric particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations revealed variable levels of PM2.5 ranging from 19 µg/m3 to 580 µg/m3, with peaks of up to 800 μg/m3 at sound-truck concentration areas. We then assessed the effects of air pollution on human health using ophthalmologic parameters obtained from 28 carnival volunteers, who often presented symptoms of eye irritation. Finally, we established strategies to communicate the study’s objectives and obtained results to the population through media outlets and open discussions with government agencies. According to our risk analysis, carnival sound-trucks represent the main source of atmospheric PM2.5 and NO2 pollution during the annual 7-day carnival festival. As a consequence of our research, the municipal government of Salvador issued an addendum to its carnival legislation mandating organizers to monitor atmospheric pollution, and, subsequently, all large-scale public events. Municipal government authorities have also promoted a shift from petroleum-based diesel fuel to biodiesel, a less-polluting fuel, for all adapted carnival sound-trucks. Our approach, which employed easily accessible and inexpensive methodology, provided substantial scientific evidence to support improvements in the regulation of air quality during large-scale public events held in the city of Salvador.Keywords: environmental

CYTOTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY OF MELTING SNOW – A CASE STUDY OF THE SHUMEN REGION, BULGARIA

CBU International Conference Proceedings ◽

10.12955/cbup.v6.1303 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 1121-1123

Author(s):

Teodora Koynova ◽

Asya Dragoeva ◽

Vanya Koleva

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Air Contaminants ◽

Melted Snow ◽

Cytotoxic Compounds ◽

Nature Park ◽

The City ◽

The presence of atmospheric pollutants is regularly screened in Bulgaria. However, studies on the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of air contaminants are scarce. Snow collects pollutants from the air. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of melted snow samples from Shumen region (Bulgaria) on mitotic cells using the A. cepa test.Samples were taken from three open spaces: 1) the city of Shumen, 2) a meadow on the Shumen plateau and 3) agricultural land located about 9.5 km northeast of the town of Shumen.The samples from the Shumen city and Shumen plateau indicated the presence of water soluble cytotoxic compounds. The lack of cytotoxicity in the sample from the agricultural land was established. This proves an anthropogenic origin of cytotoxic pollutions at the other two places. These results could serve as warning signals for health preventive programs regarding air quality in Shumen and the Nature Park Shumen plateau during the winter.

The Gateway to the South: Enhancing Connectivity between Port and Town

10.26686/wgtn.17057918 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Angela Melville

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Urban Design ◽

Large Scale ◽

Rapid Change ◽

Local Context ◽

Reclaimed Land ◽

Design Elements ◽

Town Centre ◽

<p>This thesis explores how issues that have arisen from large scale ferry ports and industrial developments have resulted in disrupting the connectivity to neighbouring townships. It proposes a novel architecturally resolved terminal and ferry port, with a speculative siting in Picton to re-establish a relationship between port and township through connectivity and synergy. Rapid change, growth and master planning within the ferry industry all play a vital role in anticipating land and infrastructural needs. A key interface between a roro (roll-on roll-off) vessel and the shore is essential to ensure optimum traffic flow for fast operation. Due the ferry’s roro service of transporting and carrying vehicles it is common for the main highways to and from the port to bypass a neighbouring township, resulting in fewer tourists visiting the neighbouring town centre. Railway tracks also play a similar role in creating boundaries of segregation between the port and town. In towns where the port is disproportionately large in relation to township, such as Dover in South-East England, Ballygillane, Rosslare Ireland and Picton New Zealand, infrastructural pressures have resulted in an imbalance in hierarchy between the ferry port and the township. It is important to re-establish a relationship between ferry ports and their neighbouring towns to rehabilitate the small township to ensure its place for future use. The thesis investigates architecture’s role in reconciling a large scale ferry terminal with a small township. It asks how architecture, urban design and infrastructure can be applied to a township to enforce connectivity between ferry port and town. This thesis explores the question by proposing a case study design in Picton New Zealand. The relationship that roro ferry terminals have to their local context is impeded by train tracks, rail yards, car parking and marshalling yards. To analyse this large land-use component, the design uses three key functioning scales; Urban, Infrastructure and Architectural. i) Urban: The Urban Design reinforces the connection of the land to the sea. This was achieved by excavating a large portion of reclaimed land. This acknowledges the towns past and history, both topographically and culturally. This was developed into a new marina, bringing the sea edge closer to the township acting as a connection to the terminal and port. (ii) Infrastructure: Functionality and layout is critical, Port infrastructure layouts were studied to determine the most beneficial arrangement. The rail marshalling yards were pushed away from the town centre to eliminate segregation of the township, and the vehicle stacking yards were moved closer to the town to encourage movement between the town and port. (iii) Architectural : The architectural design of the Ferry Terminal uses inspiration from historic narratives and case study analysis from iconic ferry terminals around the world such as Naoshima ferry terminal, White Bay Cruise terminal and Vancouver Cruise terminal. The architectural scale also consists of three other key design elements that enhance the journey from terminal to town a drawbridge, a designed town edge and a redevelopment of the Edwin fox museum. These three structures are positioned on key pathways for community and social interaction. The three scales above identify individual key drivers of each scale in the design. The thesis argues that the introduction of a “new” ferry terminal coupled with a new urban design framework could improve connectivity between the ferry and the township transforming Picton into a more dynamic, economically viable township.</p>