scholarly journals The Consciousness Unit (CU) Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Sam S Rakover
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
New Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Essential Assumption

The present paper attempts to handle the question how an unconscious mental state (MS) is transformed into a conscious-MS, by developing an outline of a new model, the conscious unit (CU) model. The essential assumption of this model is as follows. In the cognitive system there is an inborn, special linking-mechanism that links to a MS a CU, i.e., a unit of consciousness (or a stream of such units when the represented by the MS is complex). As a result, the individual becomes aware (conscious) of the represented by the MS. This model was applied successfully to certain empirical observations and to several problems, which were directed toward the higher-order (HO) theories of consciousness [especially the higher-order thought (HOT) theory].

Consciousness in Animals

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-63
Author(s):  
Mark Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Amplitude ◽  
The Brain

An animal is phenomenally conscious if there is something it is like to be that animal. There are excellent scientific reasons for thinking that many animals are phenomenally conscious. In humans, consciousness is strongly correlated with widespread, relatively fast, low-amplitude interactions in the thalamocortical region of the brain. When the brains of many animals are examined, precisely this sort of activity in these areas is found. The primary philosophical objection to the idea that animals are phenomenally conscious is based on the higher-order thought (HOT) model of consciousness, according to which mental state is conscious when, and only when, the individual who has it is conscious of it. The HOT account suffers from a number of fatal difficulties.

Associations Between Higher-Order Values Vary with Age, Education, and Income

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksim Rudnev
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Value Structures ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Representative Samples

A theory of basic human values relies on the similarity of value structures across countries. It has been well established that the quasi-circumplex value structure as a whole is indeed universal. However, less attention has been paid to the associations between specific values. This study investigated associations between four higher-order values across age, education, and income groups. We analyzed the data from national representative samples collected in 29 countries as part of the fourth round of the European Social Survey with a series of multilevel regressions. Younger age, higher levels of education and income coincided with higher independence of the four adjacent higher-order values, whereas among older, less educated, and less wealthy groups, values tended to merge into a single dimension of Social versus Person Focus. These differences were slightly weaker in more economically developed countries. The group differences in value associations may follow from corresponding differences in the degree of societal and individual empowerment, cognitive abilities, and socialization experiences. Accounting for the individual differences in relations between values may bring deeper understanding and higher predictive power to the studies of links between values and various behaviors or attitudes. , value structure, value interactions, European Social Survey

Role of Single Word Variables in Recall of Statistical Approximations to English

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 627-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari J. K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Of Approximation ◽  
Single Word ◽  
First Order ◽  
Original Order ◽  
Sequential Organization ◽  
The Individual

Free recall of lists at different orders of approximation to English was compared to the recall of the same lists when the order of the words had been scrambled to destroy their sequential organization. Recall of the organized lists showed the typical improvement with increasing order of approximation. Recall of the scrambled lists was unrelated to the original order of approximation. The results indicate that increased recall with increasing order of approximation to English is not produced by systematic differences in the characteristics of the individual words comprising the approximations. When recall of the organized lists was scored in terms of the number of longer sequences present in recall, the number of recalled sequences of any given length increased as order of approximation to English increased, with the first order list showing proportionally less organization in recall than the second and higher order lists.

A New Model for Biologic Constructs: Biotensegrity

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Gone With The Wind ◽  
New Model ◽  
Automobile Parts ◽  
Finite Element Meshes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Central Factory ◽  
Model Structures ◽  
As If

Present biologic models envision organisms behave like the character ‘Topsy’ in Gone with the Wind; they “just grew.” Modeled of Lego©-like components, the individual structures are linked together as if they are automobile parts that are manufactured at different plants and assembled at some central factory. For the most part, hexahedral finite element meshes are used to model structures. When tetrahedral modeling is used, no account is made of the different mechanical properties that are inherent in triangulated structures, (trusses), that make the structures behave very differently than hexahedral-based models.

scholarly journals HIGHER AND LOWER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS: THE CASE OF CHEMISTRY REVISITED

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Tsaparlis
Keyword(s):  
Student Performance ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Twelfth Grade ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
The Individual

This work analyses students’ failure in the 2019 Nationwide Chemistry Examination in Greece, which concerns secondary education graduates, competing for admission to higher education Greek institutions. The distinction of thinking skills into higher and lower order (HOTS and LOTS) is used as a theoretical tool for this analysis. The examination included several questions that contained HOTS elements that had been unusual in previous examinations. This led to a decrease in overall student performance but better discrimination between outstanding and good students. Based on two samples of examination papers, corresponding to very similar subsets of the student population, the 2018 and 2019 examinations are compared, and the individual 2019 questions are evaluated. It was found that section B of the 2019 examination paper (which included contexts unfamiliar to the students, and for which, a large effect size between 2018 and 2019 was calculated) may have caused the large drop. An important link is established between the 2019 low performance and the HOTS and LOTS features of the questions, and the role or non-role of algorithmic calculations is examined. In addition, the critical opinions of chemistry teachers are provided, with a consensus emerging in favour of connecting chemistry with everyday life. Keywords: chemistry examinations, higher-order cognitive skills, higher-order thinking skills, student assessment, twelfth-grade chemistry.

scholarly journals Perceptual insensitivity to higher-order statistical moments of coherent random dot motion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Waskom ◽  
Janeen Asfour ◽  
Roozbeh Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Statistical Moments ◽  
Coherent Motion ◽  
It Use ◽  
Higher Order Moments ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Dot Motion ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTWhen the visual system analyses distributed patterns of sensory inputs, what features of those distributions does it use? It has been previously demonstrated that higher-order statistical moments of luminance distributions influence perception of static surfaces and textures. Here, we tested whether the brain also represents higher-order moments of dynamic stimuli. We constructed random dot kinematograms where dots moved according to probability distributions that selectively differed in terms of their mean, variance, skewness, or kurtosis. When viewing these stimuli, human observers were sensitive to the mean direction of coherent motion and to the variance of the individual dot displacement angles, but they were insensitive to skewness and kurtosis. Observer behavior accorded with a model of directional motion energy, suggesting that information about higher-order moments is discarded early in the visual processing hierarchy. These results demonstrate that use of higher-order moments is not a general property of visual perception.

scholarly journals Processing Information in the Clouds

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Mark Burgin ◽  
Eugene Eberbach ◽  
Rao Mikkilineni
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Incremental Learning ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Turing Machines ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
New Model ◽  
Processing Information

Cloud computing makes the necessary resources available to the appropriate computation to improve scaling, resiliency, and the efficiency of computations. This makes cloud computing a new paradigm for computation by upgrading its artificial intelligence (AI) to a higher order. To explore cloud computing using theoretical tools, we use cloud automata as a new model for computation. Higher-level AI requires infusing features of the human brain into AI systems such as incremental learning all the time. Consequently, we propose computational models that exhibit incremental learning without stopping (sentience). These features are inherent in reflexive Turing machines, inductive Turing machines, and limit Turing machines.

Impact of culture on organizational readiness to change: context of bank M&A

2019 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arbind Samal ◽  
Sabyasachi Patra ◽  
Devjani Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Readiness To Change ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Organizational Readiness ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Practical Utilization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Organizational Readiness To Change

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of culture on organizational readiness to change (ORC) within the context of merger and acquisition (M&A) in the banking sector in India. Design/methodology/approach A multisource approach is used to collect data from a public-sector bank in India for testing our hypothesis. A hierarchical approach based on higher-order modelling has been deployed for confirming the path model. The foundation of the study is based on power distance (PD) and uncertainty avoidance (UA) cultural dimensions of Hofstede (1984). Findings Employees in organizations with large PD and high UA index exhibit low readiness to change. Findings support a negative relationship of culture (large PD and high UA) with organizational readiness to change at the individual level. Research limitations/implications The study has three major implications. First, measures and importance of change readiness at the individual level during corporate events such as M&A is elucidated in the study. Second, a paradigm for assessing higher-order models grounded in theoretical and methodological rigour for testing our hypothesis is presented in the paper. Last, the role of culture in M&A processes is highlighted vis-à-vis factors related to PD and UA on ORC. Practical implications The findings of the research answer to the call for a study on factors that help in creating a synergy for successful M&A across all sectors especially in the banking sector. People representing high UA and large PD often look forward to direction and guidelines for guiding employee actions. Leaders therefore need to set clear agenda and effectively communicate the appropriateness of change to their employees for developing positive behaviour towards desirable organizational outcomes. This study touches upon this important perspective for its practical utilization. Originality/value The study adds to the limited literature on change which addresses the need for studying socio-cultural factors in the M&A process, especially in an emerging economies context.

Polynomial Definiteness and Semidefiniteness

1970 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiou-Shiun Chen ◽  
Edwin Kinnen
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Form ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Real Polynomial ◽  
Reduction Procedure ◽  
Sign Definiteness ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Variables ◽  
Engineering Stability

A reduction procedure is described for determining the sign definiteness and semidefiniteness of an mth order, n dimensional real polynomial. The higher order polynomial is reduced to a quadratic form in new variables such that conditions can be obtained on the coefficients of the individual terms of the original polynomial. The procedure presents sufficient conditions only. It has been found, however, to be a relatively systematic technique for engineering stability problems where alternate effective methods for determining sign definiteness are unknown.

scholarly journals The Detailed Organization of the Human Cerebellum Estimated by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity Within the Individual

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aihuiping Xue ◽  
Ru Kong ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Mark C. Eldaief ◽  
Peter Angeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Field ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
Crus I ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

Distinct regions of the cerebellum connect to separate regions of the cerebral cortex forming a complex topography. While cerebellar organization has been examined in group-averaged data, study of individuals provides an opportunity to discover features that emerge at a higher spatial resolution. Here functional connectivity MRI was used to examine the cerebellum of two intensively-sampled individuals (each scanned 31 times). Connectivity to somatomotor cortex showed the expected crossed laterality and topography of the body maps. A surprising discovery was connectivity to the primary visual cortex along the vermis with evidence for representation of the central field. Within the hemispheres, each individual displayed a hierarchical progression from the inverted anterior lobe somatomotor map through to higher-order association zones. The hierarchy ended at Crus I/II and then progressed in reverse order through to the upright somatomotor map in the posterior lobe. Evidence for a third set of networks was found in the most posterior extent of the cerebellum. Detailed analysis of the higher-order association networks revealed robust representations of two distinct networks linked to the default network, multiple networks linked to cognitive control, as well as a separate representation of a language network. While idiosyncratic spatial details emerged between subjects, each network could be detected in both individuals, and seed regions placed within the cerebellum recapitulated the full extent of the spatially-specific cerebral networks. The observation of multiple networks in juxtaposed regions at the Crus I/II apex confirms the importance of this zone to higher-order cognitive function and reveals new organizational details.

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