scholarly journals Hemato-biochemical changes during xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-thiopentone anesthesia in dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Munif ◽  
M. M. Alam ◽  
M. R. Alam
Keyword(s):  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Atropine Sulfate ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Recovery From Anesthesia

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate certain haemato-biochemical changes during Xylazine-Ketamine (X-K) and Xylazine-Thiopentone (X-T) anesthesia in dogs. Methods: For this, six dogs of 18 to 25 kg BW were selected and divided into two groups: Group I (X-K) and Group II (X-T). Atropine sulfate @ 0.05 mg/kg BW (IM) was used for premedication in both groups. Dogs in Group I (n=3) were anaesthetized with Xylazine HCl @ 1.1 mg/kg BW (IM) and Ketamine HCl @ 5.5 mg/kg BW (IM), whereas Xylazine HCl @ 1.1mg/kg BW (IM) and Thiopentone sodium @ 20 mg/kg BW (IV) were used for anesthesia in Group II (n=3). In both groups, peripheral blood samples were collected from the dogs before induction of anesthetic agents (control) and thereafter on 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes of post-induction and again after complete recovery from anesthesia to evaluate hematological changes in Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV). In addition, serum biochemical changes in Total Serum Protein (TSP), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Chloride (Cl) were also assessed in both groups. Results: TEC, Hb, and PCV were altered significantly (P<0.05) in most of the cases, TSP was decreased significantly (P<0.05) but BUN was increased significantly (P<0.05), and creatinine was also increased in both groups during the experiment. There were mild alterations in Na, K, and Cl values after induction, and found near to the baseline (control) after recovery. Conclusions: These findings ascertained that the anesthetic combinations of X-K and X-T assert some definite haemato-biochemical changes in dogs which should be carefully judged by the veterinarians during surgical interventions to avoid anesthesia-related risks and complications.

Changes in colloid oncotic pressure during and after cardiopulmonary bypass

Perfusion ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Lindberg ◽  
Eivind Øvrum ◽  
Einfrid Am Holen ◽  
Michel Abdelnoor ◽  
Søren C Sommerfelt
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Oncotic Pressure ◽  
Cardioplegic Solution ◽  
Dextran 40 ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Thirty-one patients undergoing open-heart surgery for uncomplicated coronary artery disease were studied. All patients had dextran 70 (Macrodex, Pharmacia) in the priming solution. In Group I patients (n = 16) 3.5% dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex, Pharmacia) was added to the cardioplegic solution. Group II patients (n = 15) received our standard crystalloid cardioplegia. A higher colloid oncotic pressure (COP) was noticed in Group I during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and immediately postoperatively. The albumin levels were higher in Group II during and after bypass. No differences could be demonstrated in the concentrations of total serum protein. Preoperative levels of COP were reached two hours postoperatively and 24 hours postoperatively for albumin and total proteins. The addition of dextran 40 to the cardioplegic solution did not influence haemodynamic parameters. The clinical course was uneventful in both groups.

Role of Cord Blood Carboxyhemoglobin in Detecting Significant Hyperbilirubinemia in Term Neonates with ABO Alloimmunization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahir Tıraş ◽  
Emrah Can ◽  
Şahin Hamilçıkan
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Severe Hyperbilirubinemia

Objective This study aimed to assess whether cord blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in jaundiced term neonates with and without a positive direct Coombs test (DCT) and in healthy controls could be used as a predictor of severe hyperbilirubinemia. The percentage of cord blood COHb should be higher among neonates with Coombs-positive ABO hemolytic disease than among those with Coombs-negative ABO incompatibility and higher than that of ABO-compatible control neonates. Study Design This cross-sectional descriptive study of 198 term neonates comprised three subgroups: group I featured 68 DCT-positive ABO-incompatible neonates (ABO + DCT), group II featured 60 DCT-negative ABO-incompatible neonates with hyperbilirubinemia (ABO–DCT), and group III featured 70 healthy controls. COHb was determined by an OSM3 hemoximeter. Results Group I differed from groups II and III for cord blood bilirubin, cord blood hemoglobin, and cord blood hematocrit. Groups I and II had higher mean total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels than group III, while there was no difference in the mean TSB levels between groups I and II. There was no significant difference between the COHb group means for groups I, II, and III (p = 0.98). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve calculated for group I/group III and group II/group III were found to be 0.62 and 0.54, respectively. Conclusion COHb levels did not prove to be superior to the DCT for predicting the risk of developing severe hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates. Key Points

scholarly journals ADVANTAGES OF INTRATHECAL BUPIVACAINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE COMBINATION OVER BUPIVACAINE AND CLONIDINE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN GYNAECOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Mahanta ◽  
Keshav Saran Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Regional Anaesthesia ◽  
Motor Block ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Sensory Block ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Regional Analgesia ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: most of the gynaecological interventions are generally done under regional anaesthesia. Currently dexmedetomidine came out as a beneficial adjunct for regional analgesia as well as anaesthesia. It is a highly selective α-2 agonist. Aims & objectives: to compare the effects & behavior of dexmedetomidine with clonidine when both are used with bupivacaine for spinal analgesia. Material and Methods: 100 cases of ASA grade 1 & 2 who were undergoing elective gynaecological surgical intervention were studied. They were divided into two groups (50 each). Group I received combination of bupivacaine & clonidine while group II received combination of bupivacaine + dexmedetomidine. Results: Average duration of onset of sensory block was earlier in group II. Arrival of motor block in Group I was slightly on lower side than Group II. Ten cases in Group I and eighteen cases from group II had notable bradycardia and hypotension. Discussion: Our study concludes that dexmedetomidine when used in combination with bupivacaine is very effective in gynaecological surgical interventions that demand longer duration & have comparatively lesser side effects. Keywords: dexmedetomidine, clonidine, Bupivacaine, gynaecological procedures.

scholarly journals Method of Enteral Insufficiency Syndrome Correction in Patients with Generalized Peritonitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-192
Author(s):  
Evgeny A. Korymasov ◽  
Sergey A. Ivanov ◽  
Mariya Kenarskaya ◽  
Maxim U. Khoroshilov
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Generalized Peritonitis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Insufficiency Syndrome

Introduction. Mortality in generalized peritonitis (GP) reaches 30%, and with the development of multiple organ failure, the lethal outcome is observed in 80-90% of cases. Enteral insufficiency syndrome (EIS) plays a leading role in the progression of generalized peritonitis. The aim of the study was to develop a differentiated approach of enteral insufficiency syndrome correction in patients with generalized peritonitis. Material and methods. This research was a retrospective prospective study. The study included 50 patients with GP, who received treatment at the Surgery Department of the Samara Regional Clinical Hospital in the period from 2017 to 2019. Depending on the chosen treatment tactics, the patients were divided into two clinical groups. Group I included 29 patients, admitted in the period from 2017 to 2018, who had received the standard GP treatment. A long-term endogenous intoxication in patients of this group associated with the progressive enteric failure led to the repeated surgeries; at the same time, a high frequency of postoperative complications was preserved. The analysis of the results in patients of Group I necessitated development of the therapeutic and diagnostic algorithm aimed at early diagnostics and timely correction of EIS. Group II included 21 patients with GP, admitted in the period from 2018 to 2019, who was treated using the new algorithm. Results. The objective criteria for the relief of EIS in GP in patients of the study groups were a decrease in the level of serum albumin and C-reactive protein, a significant decrease in the amount and qualitative change in the intestinal discharge via an intestinal tube, a decrease in the recovery time of the functions of the small intestine and start of defecation. On the 6th postoperative day, in patients of Group II there was no significant albumin level reduction in comparison with the 1st day of monitoring (28.310.77 g/l vs 37.334.69 g/l). Whereas in Group I the albumin level was significantly lower (19.30.51 g/l) than the same parameter in Group II, and in comparison with the 1st day of monitoring (19.30.51 g/l vs 39.56.05 g/l; р = 0.00001). On the 6th postoperative day, the C-reactive protein level differed significantly between the groups as well: Group I 104.7613.49 mg/l, Group II - 58.0029.05 mg/l, p = 0.003. The control of GP in patients of the Group I was reached after 4.52.5 repeated abdominal interventions, while in patients of Group II generalized peritonitis was arrested after 2.30.9 surgical interventions (p = 0.000171), which is 1.9 times less. Conclusions. The proposed algorithm of EIS control is based on the individual approach to the treatment of patients with GP. The developed EIS rating scale allows determining not only the degree and dynamics of the pathological process, but also monitoring the effectiveness of treatment options applied in a particular patient.

scholarly journals Transcutaneous bilirubin level to predict hyperbilirubinemia in preterm neonates

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Dewi Rahmawati ◽  
Mahendra Tri Arif Sampurna ◽  
Risa Etika ◽  
Martono Tri Utomo ◽  
Arend F. Bos
Keyword(s):  
Bilirubin Level ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Transcutaneous Bilirubin ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Severe Hyperbilirubinemia ◽  
Transcutaneous Bilirubinometer

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is common in neonates, with higher prevalence among preterm neonates, which can lead to severe hyperbilirubinemia. Assessment of total serum bilirubin (TSB) and use of a transcutaneous bilirubinometer (TcB) are existing methods to identify and predict hyperbilirubinemia. This study aimed to determine TcB cut-off values during the first day for preterm neonates to predict hyperbilirubinemia at 48 and 72 hours. Methods: A total of 90 neonates born ≤35 weeks were included in the study. They were divided into two groups (Group I: 1000-1500 grams; Group II: 1501-2000 grams). The bilirubin level was measured on the sternum using TcB at the ages of 12, 24, and 72 h. TSB measurements were taken on the third day or if TcB level reached ± 1.24 mg/dL phototherapy threshold and if TcB showed abnormal results (Group I: 5.76-8.24 mg/dL; Group II: 8.76-11.24 mg/dL). Hyperbilirubinemia was defined as TSB ≥7 mg/dL for group I and >10 mg/dL for group II. Results: In total, 38 group I neonates and 48 group II neonates were observed. Almost half of neonates in group I (44.7%) were suffering from hyperbilirubinemia at the age of 48 hours, with 45.8% of group II at the age of 72 hours. To predict hyperbilirubinemia at the age of 48 hours, the best 24-hour-age TcB cut-off values were calculated to be 4.5 mg/dL for group I and 5.8 mg/dL for group II. To predict hyperbilirubinemia at the age of 72 hours, we determined 24-hour-age TcB value of 5.15 mg/dL for group II. Conclusion: TcB values in the early days of life can be used as hyperbilirubinemia predictors on the following days for preterm neonates. Close monitoring should be managed for those with TcB values higher than the calculated cut-off values.

scholarly journals A comparative study of hemodynamic changes and adverse effects of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl and intrathecal bupivacaine with clonidine in infra-umbilical abdominal and lower limb surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 4048
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad G. V. ◽  
Vipin Jaishree Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lower Limb Surgery ◽  
Hemodynamic Profile ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Intrathecal Clonidine

Background: Adjuvants prolong the action of intrathecal local anesthetic agents. They have shown to have significant analgesic effects in the postoperative period much after the regression of the sensory and motor blockade. Our objective of the current study was to compared the hemodynamic profile and adverse effects (nausea, pruritus, sedation and respiratory depression) in two groups of adult patients undergoing infra-umbilical and lower limb surgery under spinal anaesthesia using either intrathecal clonidine or intrathecal fentanyl as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine (0.5% heavy).Methods: This randomized, prospective and observational study was undertaken in the Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, 5 Airforce Hospital, Kanpur from the period of January 2014 to February 2016 on 120 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Study patients were randomly allocated to the two groups Group I: Cases who received intrathecal 0.5% heavy bupivacaine (2.5 ml) + fentanyl (50 mcg/ml) (0.5 ml) (n=60 patients) and Group II: cases who received intrathecal 0.5% heavy bupivacaine (2.5 ml) + clonidine (60 mcg/ml) (0.5 ml) (n=60 patients).Results: Mean age of patients in Group I and Group II was 42.60±5.93 and 42.03±7.16 years, respectively. Mean BMI of patients in Group I and Group II was 22.0±1.92 and 21.54±2.14 kg/m2, respectively. Comparison of baseline hemodynamic parameters (heart rate (bpm), mean arterial pressure (mmhg), respiratory rate (/min) and oxygen saturation (%) did not show a significant difference between two groups.Conclusions: With respect to the side effects like nausea and pruritus, these are significantly more in fentanyl group as compared to clonidine group.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF PUNCTURE DRAINING INTERVENTIONS EFFICACY IN PATIENTS WITH PANCREATIC FLUID COLLECTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Ohanezian Aikanush
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Guidance ◽  
Minimal Invasive ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Septic Complications ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Group I ◽  
Specific Sign ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Ultrasound Guided Puncture ◽  
Guided Puncture

The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound guided punctures and drainage for FCs in AP. The results of the examination and treatment of 72 patients with FCs in AP who have been treated using step up approach in the period from 2010 till 2018 are analyzed. Patients were divided on two groups: The first group included 40 patients, who underwent draining of FCs under ultrasound guidance as a first stage of treatment. The second group included 32 patients, who underwent puncture of FCs under ultrasound guidance as the first stage of treatment. In the majority of patients in Group I (65.0%) we observed acute post-necrotic FCs. In 30 (75.0%) patients draining under ultrasound guidance was final in treatment. 10 (25.0%) patients with infected acute postnecrotic FCs, after drainage and aspiration underwent necrectomy. In most of patients of group II (62.5%) were noted acute postnecrotic FCs too. 17 patients underwent ultrasound guided puncture and aspiration of FCs. 15 patients of group II underwent drainage of acute post-necrotic FCs under the ultrasound guidance. In 11 (73.3%) of them the drainage of FCs was definitive in treatment, 4 (26.7%) - required the necrosectomy. In group II, in 81.2% patients minimal invasive surgical interventions were effective. SIRS was noted as in patients with aseptic FCs so in patients with infected FCs. In patients with acute pancreatitis, the duration of the disease up to 4 weeks, as well as the presence of SIRS, is not a specific sign of infection only. Ultrasound-guided diagnostic puncture of FCs is a safe method that facilitates early diagnosis of infected FCs. Ultrasound guided puncture with aspiration can reduce the incidence of purulent-septic complications and be definitive in treatment for aseptic acute parapancreatic FCs and aseptic acute post-necrotic FCs. Infected FCs without suppuration do not require routine drainage. Drainage is absolutely indicated in case of purulent content and persistent SIRS in patients after primary puncture of infected FCs.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of isoflurane and sevoflurane in avian patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1067-1073
Author(s):  
R. R. Anjana ◽  
P. V. Parikh ◽  
J. K. Mahla ◽  
D. N. Kelawala ◽  
K. P. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induction Time ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Versus Group ◽  
Quality Of Recovery ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and Aim: Literature comparing the use of isoflurane and sevoflurane inhalation anesthetic agents in birds is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane during induction, maintenance, and recovery of anesthesia in avian patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 injured avian patients (n=24) were selected randomly and divided into four groups during kite flying festival. In the present study, isoflurane and sevoflurane were used as induction and maintenance anesthetic agents, with and without butorphanol tartrate premedication agent in all the birds. Different physiological parameters were evaluated, namely, cloacal temperature (°F), heart rate (beats/min), respiratory rate (breaths/min), and SpO2 (%) were recorded at 0, 10, 20 min, and at recovery time. The quality of anesthesia was assessed on the basis of induction time, quality of induction, production of analgesia, muscle relaxation, body reflexes, recovery time, quality of recovery, sitting, standing, and complete recovery time (CRT). Results: The mean±standard error value of induction time was 230.00±32.55, 280.00±25.29, 180.00±21.90, and 260.00±36.87 s, respectively, in Groups I, II, III, and IV. The feather plucking, pharyngeal, and toe pinching reflexes were noticed, when the birds were passing through the light plane of anesthesia during induction. Comparison of cloacal temperature at the time of recovery between Group-I versus Group-III revealed a significant difference (p<0.05). Comparison of mean respiratory rates at the time of recovery between Group-II versus Group-IV revealed a significant difference (p<0.05). Excellent quality of recovery was observed in all the groups of anesthetic protocols. Sitting, standing, and CRT were observed shortest in avian patients maintained with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane. Conclusion: The quality of induction of anesthesia was rapid in avian patients when induced with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane. Rapid onset of induction and recovery of anesthesia were found with sevoflurane followed by isoflurane. Induction and maintenance of anesthesia in avian patients with sevoflurane resulted in the lowest time required for sitting, standing, and CRT.

scholarly journals A Mitomycin C-Sparing Novel Technique for Subscleral Trabeculectomy in Primary Congenital Glaucoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ashraf Bor’i ◽  
Salah M. Al-Mosallamy ◽  
Tamer G. Elsayed ◽  
Wael M. El-Haig
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Mitomycin C ◽  
Congenital Glaucoma ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Primary Congenital Glaucoma ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Contralateral Eye

Purpose. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel modified subscleral trabeculectomy technique in management of primary congenital glaucoma. Methods. This study included 25 infants diagnosed of having bilateral primary congenital glaucoma. For each patient, one eye was assigned to undergo subscleral trabeculectomy with trimming of the edges of the scleral bed (group I), while the contralateral eye underwent subscleral trabeculectomy with application of mitomycin C (0.4 mg/ml for 3 min) (group II). All the patients were followed up for a period of 14 ± 3 months (range 13–22 months). Results. 25 eyes were included in each group. Patients’ mean age was 2.5 ± 0.5 months (range 1.8–6.5 months). The mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 31 ± 4.9 mmHg and 32.1 ± 4.0 mmHg in group I and II, respectively. The mean postoperative intraocular pressure was 9.0 ± 1.0, 11.0 ± 3.2, 12.5 ± 0.9, 13.0 ± 2.9, and 15.5 ± 1.5 mm Hg in group I and was 10.3 ± 1.2, 12.0 ± 2.5, 13.5 ± 1.7, 15.0 ± 1.5, and 17.1 ± 2.8 mm Hg in group II at the first week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean intraocular pressure values recorded at both groups preoperatively and at each follow-up visit. Failure necessitating further surgical interventions was recorded in 4 eyes (16%) in group I as compared to 3 eyes (12%) in group II (P>0.05). Postoperative complications included mild hyphema, which occurred in one eye (4%) in group I and 2 eyes (8%) in group II, and shallow anterior chamber in 3 eyes (12%) in group I and in 2 eyes (8%) in group II. One eye (4%) in group I developed drawn-up pupil. Choroidal effusion developed in one eye (4%) at each group. Conclusion. Trimming the edges of the scleral bed adjacent to the sclera flap is a safe and effective surgical step which can be added to the subscleral trabeculectomy procedure to effectively control the intraocular pressure in patients with primary congenital glaucoma, sparing them the hazards associated with mitomycin C application.

scholarly journals Study of some hematological and biochemical parameter of Friesian crossbred cows in Sulaimanya governorate

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Juma FT.
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

The present study was carried out at Bakrajo field station which belongs to the college of Agriculture University Sulaimanya during the period from the1st of April untill 30th of October 2009.This study include 10 crossbred Friesian cows aged 5-7 years old to study some hematological and biochemical changes during late pregnancy (last three months ) and lactation period (4months).The cows were divided into two groups, the first group included 5 non-pregnant cows used as control group while the second group included 5cows were in the late pregnancy (last three months) and continues to four months of miproduction. Statistically all significant results of blood and biochemical results at (P<0.05). The results showed a significant decreased of the erythrocytes number during late stage of pregnancy and lactation period as comparison with non-pregnant cows. Hemoglobin concentration decreased significantly during 3rd and 4th of lactation in comparison with 7th and 8th months of pregnancy and non pregnant animals ,while PCV showed significant increase during 9th month of pregnancy in comparison with 2nd,3rd and4thmonths of lactation and non- pregnant cows. There were a significant increased in MCV and MCH during pregnancy in comparison with months of lactation, and significantly increase of MCHC at 7th month of pregnancy in comparison with 2nd, 3rd and 4th months of lactation. There were a significant increased of Leukocyte count at the last two months of pregnancy in comparison with non-pregnant animals. In regard to the biochemical changes, there was a significant decreased of glucose concentration at both pregnancy and lactation period in comparison with non-pregnant animals. Total serum cholesterol concentration was significantly increased at the pregnancy and lactation period in comparison with control group, while total serum protein concentration significantly decreased at the 1stmonth of lactation in comparison with 2nd, 3rd and 4th months and control group, concentration of ionized calcium and inorganic phosphorus significantly decreased during last period of pregnancy and lactation period in comparison with non-pregnant cows. In regard to serum enzyme change significant increased in the activity of AST during the second month of lactation in comparison 

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