Track 6.b Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liv Merete Nielsen ◽  
Eva Lutnæs ◽  
Mia Porko-Hudd ◽  
Úrsula Bravo ◽  
Catalina Cortés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Public ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Lay Persons ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sustainable Societies

Norwegian research group Design Literacy at Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet) which is led by professor Liv Merete Nielsen has initiative to this paper track. The paper track was accompanied by a workshop. Design Literacy can be regarded as a catalyst for a move towards a better citizens participation in innovative design processes. By educating the general public to become design literate, there is a chance to support critical innovation and a possible move towards sustainable societies (Stegall, 2006). The challenge is to articulate content, performance and continuity for a critical decision-making process and how this influence critical innovation and design education at large. The concept ‘Design Literacy’ addresses the complex matter of objectives, content and practices in design processes and education. Research on multiple literacies has evoked considerable debate and redefinition within several areas of educational research (Coiro et al. 2008); the understanding of literacy is no longer bound to the ability to read and write verbal text or numeracy. Design Literacy (Nielsen and Brænne, 2013) are among newly coined literacies. Design Literacy is connected both to the creation and understanding of design innovation in a broad sense. In today’s mostly artificial world, the Design Literacy is regarded as a competence not only for the professional designer, but also for the general public in their position as citizens, consumers, users and decision makers in innovative processes. Designed artefacts and services influence our lives and values, both from personal and societal perspectives. Designers, decision makers and investors hold different positions in the design process, but they all make choices that will influence new innovations and our future. In order to solve crucial global challenges, designers and investors must cooperate; for this purpose, we argue that design literacy is necessary for all. We argue that the Design Literacies can support practices associated with innovation, democratic participation in design processes, developing and enacting ethical responsibilities, and understanding and supporting sustainable aspects of production and consumption. The track called for researchers to explore the following points: How development of Design Literacy can support critical innovation and sustainable issues Progressions in scaffolding Design Literacies from a pre-school to a university level The potential of Design Literacy to support collaborative and experimental approaches of projects between: investors/designers, general public/designers, children/designers How design education for the general public can represent both a foundation for professional design education and a prequalification for lay persons’ competence for decision-making and critical innovation How might Design Literacy influence sustainability issues in society? What are the challenges of professional design, when everyone wants to design? Research submnited for this track addressing the points above have been useful as a point of departure for the Design Literacy workshop and the creation of the Design Literacy International network. The papers have also been useful for the promotion of critical innovation and to inform policy and for educational implementation. The importance lies in the needs to better inform design education itself, to improve the approach of design educators, and to educate reflective citizens, policy makers, entrepreneurs and consumers in perspective of critical innovation.

scholarly journals Research use at the Ministry of Health in Burkina Faso: the decision-makers’ perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Dagenais
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Policy Makers

Abstract Background Despite the increased emphasis placed on the use of evidence for policy development, relatively few initiatives have been developed to support evidence-informed decision-making, especially in West Africa. Moreover, studies examining the conditions under which policy-makers use research-based evidence are still scarce, but they show that their attitudes and opinions about research are one of the main determinants of such use. In February 2017, Burkina Faso’s Minister of Health planned to create a unit to promote evidence-informed decision-making within the ministry. Before the unit was set up, documenting the attitudes towards research at the highest levels of his Ministry appeared profitable to the unit’s planning. Method Individual interviews were conducted by the author with 14 actors positioned to consider evidence during decision-making from the Burkina Faso’s Minister of health cabinet. An interview grid was used to explore several themes such as attitudes towards research, obstacles and facilitators to research use, example of research use in decision-making and finally, ways to increase decision-makers’ participation in knowledge transfer activities. Interviews were partially transcribed and analysed by the author. Results The results show a mixed attitude towards research and relatively little indication of research use reported by respondents. Important obstacles were identified: evidence inaccessibility, lack of implementation guidelines, absence of clear communication strategy and studies’ lack of relevance for decision-making. Many suggestions were proposed such as raising awareness, improving access and research communication and prioritizing interactions with researchers. Respondents agree with the low participation of decision-makers in knowledge transfer activities: more leadership from the senior officials was suggested and greater awareness of the importance of their presence. Conclusions The conclusion presents avenues for reflection and action to increase the potential impact of the knowledge transfer unit planned within the Ministry of Health of Burkina Faso. This innovative initiative will be impactful if the obstacles identified in this study and policy-makers’ preferences and needs are taken into account during its development and implementation.

scholarly journals Elite Decision-making and International Law: Promises and Perils of the Behavioral Revolution

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Law ◽  
Real World ◽  
General Public ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Direct Study ◽  
The People ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Actual Decision

A growing body of research applies behavioral approaches to the study of international law, mainly by studying convenience samples of students or other segments of the general public. Alongside the promises of this agenda are concerns about applying findings from non-elite populations to the people, and groups of people, charged with most real-world decision-making in the domain of law and governance. This concern is compounded by the fact that it is extremely difficult to recruit these actual decision-makers in a way that allows for direct study.

scholarly journals An Evidence review of Face Masks against Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 919-923
Author(s):  
Tanish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Public ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Simple Material ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Regulation Policy ◽  
Evidence Review

Abstract: The technology round the usage of mask with the aid of using the general public to hinder COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. In this narrative overview, we expand an analytical framework to study masks utilisation, synthesising the applicable literature to tell more than one areas: populace impact, transmission characteristics, supply control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. A number one direction of transmission of COVID-19 is thru breathing debris, and it's far recognised to be transmissible from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic people. Reducing ailment unfold calls for things: proscribing contacts of inflamed people thru bodily distancing and different measures and lowering the transmission chance according to touch. The preponderance of proof shows that masks sporting reduces transmissibility according to touch with the aid of using lowering transmission of inflamed breathing debris in each laboratory and medical contexts. Public masks sporting is handiest at lowering unfold of the virus whilst compliance is high. Given the modern shortages of clinical mask, we advise the adoption of public material masks sporting, as a powerful shape of supply control, along with present hygiene, distancing, and make contact with tracing strategies. Because many breathing debris turn out to be smaller because of evaporation, we advise growing awareness on a formerly unnoticed component of masks utilisation: masks sporting with the aid of using infectious people (“supply control”) with blessings on the populace level, in preference to simplest masks sporting with the aid of using inclined people, which include fitness care workers, with awareness on person outcomes. We advise that public officers and governments strongly inspire the usage of extensive face mask in public, which include the usage of suitable regulation. Policy makers want pressing steering on the usage of mask with the aid of using the overall populace as a device in preventing extreme acute breathing syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the breathing virus that reasons COVID-19. Masks were encouraged as an ability device to address the COVID-19 pandemic for the reason that preliminary outbreak in China (1), even though utilisation all through the outbreak numerous with the aid of using time and location (2). Globally, nations are grappling with translating the proof of public masks sporting to their contexts. These guidelines are being evolved in a complicated decision-making environment, with a unique pandemic, speedy technology of recent research, and exponential boom in instances and deaths in lots of regions. There is presently an international scarcity of N95/FFP2 respirators and surgical mask to be used in hospitals. Simple material mask gift a practical answer to be used with the aid of using the general public. This has been supported with the aid of using maximum fitness bodies. We gift an interdisciplinary narrative overview of the literature at the position of face mask in lowering COVID-19 transmission with inside the community. Keywords: COVID, ECONOMY, MASKS, LIVES, SAFETY, FUTURE

scholarly journals Resilience–Vulnerability Analysis: A Decision-Making Framework for Systems Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9306
Author(s):  
Nikolaos A. Skondras ◽  
Demetrios E. Tsesmelis ◽  
Constantina G. Vasilakou ◽  
Christos A. Karavitis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
Current Effort ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Combined Use

The terms ‘resilience’ and ‘vulnerability’ have been widely used, with multiple interpretations in a plethora of disciplines. Such a variety may easily become confusing, and could create misconceptions among the different users. Policy makers who are bound to make decisions in key spatial and temporal points may especially suffer from these misconceptions. The need for decisions may become even more pressing in times of crisis, where the weaknesses of a system are exposed, and immediate actions to enhance the systemic strengths should be made. The analysis framework proposed in the current effort, and demonstrated in hypothetical forest fire cases, tries to focus on the combined use of simplified versions of the resilience and vulnerability concepts. Their relations and outcomes are also explored, in an effort to provide decision makers with an initial assessment of the information required to deal with complex systems. It is believed that the framework may offer some service towards the development of a more integrated and applicable tool, in order to further expand the concepts of resilience and vulnerability. Additionally, the results of the framework can be used as inputs in other decision making techniques and approaches. This increases the added value of the framework as a tool.

scholarly journals What Does the Public Want? Structural Consideration of Citizen Preferences in Health Care Coverage Decisions

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 238146831879962
Author(s):  
Irina Cleemput ◽  
Stephan Devriese ◽  
Laurence Kohn ◽  
Carl Devos ◽  
Janine van Til ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Health Care ◽  
General Public ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Care Coverage ◽  
Criteria Weights ◽  
Societal Preferences

Background. Multi-criteria decision analysis can improve the legitimacy of health care reimbursement decisions by taking societal preferences into account when weighting decision criteria. This study measures the relative importance of health care coverage criteria according to the Belgian general public and policy makers. Criteria are structured into three domains: therapeutic need, societal need, and new treatments’ added value. Methods. A sample of 4,288 citizens and 161 policy makers performed a discrete choice experiment. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Level-independent criteria weights were determined using the log-likelihood method. Results. Both the general public and policy makers gave the highest weight to quality of life in the appraisal of therapeutic need (0.43 and 0.53, respectively). The general public judged life expectancy (0.14) as less important than inconvenience of current treatment (0.43), unlike decision makers (0.32 and 0.15). The general public gave more weight to “impact of a disease on public expenditures” (0.65) than to “prevalence of the disease” (0.56) when appraising societal need, whereas decision makers’ weights were 0.44 and 0.56, respectively. When appraising added value, the general public gave similar weights to “impact on quality of life” and “impact on prevalence” (0.37 and 0.36), whereas decision makers judged “impact on quality of life” (0.39) more important than “impact on prevalence” (0.29). Both gave the lowest weight to impact on life expectancy (0.14 and 0.21). Limitations. Comparisons between the general public and policy makers should be treated with caution because the policy makers’ sample size was small. Conclusion. Societal preferences can be measured and used as decision criteria weights in multi-criteria decision analysis. This cannot replace deliberation but can improve the transparency of health care coverage decision processes.

The 1914 Case

1965 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole R. Holsti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
Salient Factor ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Great War

This paper will employ techniques of content analysis to examine some features of top-level communications between national policy makers during a momentous period of stress. It is concerned with the effects of stress upon: (1) the manner in which decision-makers perceive time as a factor in their formulation of policy; (2) the contrasting ways in which they view policy alternatives for their own nations, for their allies, and for their adversaries; and (3) the flow of communications among them.Specifically, the following hypotheses will be tested with data from the 1914 crisis leading up to the Great War in Europe:Hypothesis 1. As stress increases in a crisis situation:(a) time will be perceived as an increasingly salient factor in decision-making.(b) decision-makers will become increasingly concerned with the immediate rather than the distant future.

scholarly journals Framing the concept design literacy for a general public

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva LUTNÆS
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
General Education ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
General Public ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Sustainable Societies ◽  
Real World Problems

Educating the general public to be design literate can be a catalyst for both environmental protection and degradation, human aid and human-made disasters depending on how the scope of design is framed – and how ‘design literacy’ is defined. This paper explores how to cultivate design literacy that supports critical innovation and a transition towards more sustainable societies. The research approach is a literature review of key texts that promote and conceptualize design literacy as part of general education. Four narratives are identified as vital: a) ‘Awareness through making’, b) ‘Empower for change and citizen participation’, c) ‘Address complexity of real-world problems’, and d) ‘Participate in design processes’. Moving towards more sustainable modes of consumption and production, a design literate general public provides a critical mass of users empowered to question how a new innovation supports the well-being of people and the planet and to voice their own ideas.

scholarly journals Framing the concept design literacy for a general public

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Lutnæs
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Real World ◽  
General Public ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Sustainable Societies ◽  
Real World Problems

Educating the general public to be design literate can be a catalyst for both environmental protection and degradation, human aid and human-made disasters depending on how the scope of design is framed – and how ‘design literacy’ is defined. This paper explores how to cultivate design literacy that supports critical innovation and a transition towards more sustainable societies. The research approach is a literature review of key texts that promote and conceptualize design literacy as part of general edu­cation. Four narratives are identified as vital: a) ‘Awareness through making’, b) ‘Empower for change and citizen participation’, c) ‘Address complexity of real-world problems’, and d) ‘Participate in design processes’. Moving towards more sustainable modes of consumption and production, a design literate general public provides a critical mass of users empowered to question how a new innovation sup­ports the well-being of people and the planet and to voice their own ideas.

The Effect of Option Framing in Self-Other Decision Making

Marketing ZFP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
Michaela Grösch ◽  
Martina Steul-Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Self ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Proxy Decision Making ◽  
Insurance Decisions

Option framing can be divided into additive and subtractive framing. In additive framing, individuals are asked to add desired options to a base model, i. e., to a core product which does not include any extras, whereas in subtractive framing, individuals are asked to deselect undesired options from a fully loaded model, i. e., a product that does already include all possible extras (Biswas and Grau 2008; Park et al. 2000). In additive framing, individuals must take action if they want to choose the option, e. g., by checking a box in an online configuration. In subtractive framing, individuals find preselected options, and they receive a preselected option unless they actively decide against it, e. g., by unchecking a box in an online configuration (Brown and Krishna 2004; Park et al. 2000). While option framing has received considerable attention with regard to decision making for the self (e. g., Biswas and Grau 2008; Herrmann et al. 2013; Levin et al. 2002; Park et al. 2000; Park and Kim 2012), no researchers have focused on option framing in self-other decision-making contexts. The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of option framing on decision making either for oneself or on behalf of another person. In two studies, we investigate choice behaviour for oneself or on behalf of someone else, namely ones mother, when either one option (Study 1) or more options (Study 2) are presented in additive and subtractive framing. The effect of option framing on decision making for a family member is a relevant question for firms and policy makers since it helps to clarify how an individual’s benefits and expenditures can be influenced by the way a choice is presented when deciding for someone else. In accordance with previous studies (e. g., Biswas and Grau 2008; Levin et al. 2002; Park and Kim 2012), we found the option framing effect when individuals decided on insurances for themselves; i. e., individuals were more likely to choose an option in subtractive framing than in additive framing. When individuals were asked to decide on behalf of their mother, we could not prove an option framing effect when a single option was considered (Study 1). When several options were available (Study 2), the option framing effect emerged; decision makers chose more options for their mother in subtractive framing than in additive framing. We believe that having the opportunity to vary the number of options is the underlying reason. In both studies, individuals deciding on behalf of their mother had a greater tendency to add an option in additive framing than did those deciding for themselves. The greater likelihood of choosing an option in additive framing when deciding for the mother corresponds to our assumption, derived from social values analysis, that decision makers engage in risk-minimizing behaviour as the socially preferred behaviour for proxy decision making. In both studies, no choice differences could be found for subtractive framing. Accepting the insurance option and the number of accepted insurance options remained stable when individuals decided for themselves or for their mother. We assume that for both framing, individuals who decided for their mother acted according to social values and therefore were likely to choose protection for their mother. Moreover, there might be a kind of ceiling effect for insurance decisions because some individuals either may not expect an insurance event to occur for themselves or their mother or may have a general aversion to insurance. Our results add to a growing body of evidence that decision making for others is more dependent on social norms than is decision making for oneself.

Illness narratives as evidence for healthcare policy

2018 ◽  
pp. 272-285
Author(s):  
Susan Law ◽  
Ilja Ormel ◽  
David Loutfi ◽  
John Lavis
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Illness Narratives ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Healthcare Policy ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Family Experiences ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
The Media

Individual narratives about patient/family experiences of illness, and needs for information and support, can exert a powerful influence on policy formulation, particularly when a sensational story captures the attention of the media or general public. In this chapter, we situate the use and potential value of the narrative evidence within the messy world of policy making when trying to privilege evidence that brings diversity of voice and experiences on a topic, rather than individual stories. We explore the challenges associated with this type of experiential evidence, and the gap in translating such evidence to decision makers. We argue that both researchers and policy makers would benefit from a deeper understanding of each other’s worlds, and present examples of strategies to bridge this gap. We conclude by offering advice for policy makers regarding communication of their needs for experiential evidence, and advice for qualitative researchers regarding the translation of narrative-based findings for policy.

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