scholarly journals Question Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Hakob Barseghyan ◽  
Nichole Levesley
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
The Law ◽  
New Framework

The paper presents a new scientonomic account of question dynamics. To explain the process of question acceptance and rejection, we begin by introducing the notion of epistemic presupposition and show how it’s different from the notion of logical presupposition. With the notion of epistemic presupposition at hand, we formulate the law of question acceptance, a new scientonomic axiom, which states that a question becomes accepted only if all of its epistemic presuppositions are accepted, and it is accepted that the question is answerable. We then show how the process of question rejection can be explained by means of the question rejection theorem, which states that a question becomes rejected when other elements that are incompatible with the question become accepted. To deduce this theorem in the usual scientonomic fashion (from the first law and the compatibility corollary), we first ascertain that the notion of compatibility/incompatibility is applicable to questions and show that one can legitimately speak of both question-theory and question-question incompatibility. We conclude by providing a quick illustration of the historical applicability of this new framework and suggest a number of questions for future research.

scholarly journals A New Framework of Evolutionary Multi-Objective Algorithms with an Unbounded External Archive

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisao Ishibuchi ◽  
Lie Meng Pang ◽  
Ke Shang
Keyword(s):  
Pareto Front ◽  
Algorithm Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Final Population ◽  
External Archive ◽  
Processing Procedure ◽  
Distributed Solutions ◽  
New Framework ◽  
Main Characteristic Feature

This paper proposes a new framework for the design of evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO) algorithms. The main characteristic feature of the proposed framework is that the optimization result of an EMO algorithm is not the final population but a subset of the examined solutions during its execution. As a post-processing procedure, a pre-specified number of solutions are selected from an unbounded external archive where all the examined solutions are stored. In the proposed framework, the final population does not have to be a good solution set. The point of the algorithm design is to examine a wide variety of solutions over the entire Pareto front and to select well-distributed solutions from the archive. In this paper, first we explain difficulties in the design of EMO algorithms in the existing two frameworks: non-elitist and elitist. Next, we propose the new framework of EMO algorithms. Then we demonstrate advantages of the proposed framework over the existing ones through computational experiments. Finally we suggest some interesting and promising future research topics.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: New concepts to further unravel adrenal insufficiency during critical illness

2016 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Boonen ◽  
Greet Van den Berghe
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relative Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
New Framework

The concept of ‘relative’ adrenal insufficiency during critical illness remains a highly debated disease entity. Several studies have addressed how to diagnose or treat this condition but have often yielded conflicting results, which further fuelled the controversy. The main reason for the controversy is the fact that the pathophysiology is not completely understood. Recently, new insights in the pathophysiology of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to critical illness were generated. It was revealed that high circulating levels of cortisol during critical illness are explained more by reduced cortisol breakdown than by elevated cortisol production. Cortisol production rate during critical illness is less than doubled during the day but lower than in healthy subjects during the night. High plasma cortisol concentrations due to reduced breakdown in turn reduce plasma ACTH concentrations via feedback inhibition, which with time may lead to an understimulation and hereby a dysfunction of the adrenal cortex. This could explain the high incidence of adrenal insufficiency in the prolonged phase of critical illness. These novel insights have created a new framework for the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal failure during critical illness that has redirected future research.

Strategy on the Upward Slope

2021 ◽  
pp. 456-473
Author(s):  
Joshua Shifrinson
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Upward Slope ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
Substantial Interest ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
New Framework

When a great power rises, what strategies does it adopt and why? Despite substantial interest in these questions due to concerns surrounding the rise of China and concomitant decline of the United States, research on rising state grand strategy remains underdeveloped. Not only do analysts lack a consistent way of describing how risers’ grand strategies vary, but insight into the drivers of rising state strategy remains inchoate. Accordingly, this chapter analyzes existing research, highlights the problems rising states confront in crafting grand strategy, advances a new framework for discussing strategy, and suggests avenues for future research.

Part VI Avoiding or Exiting Treaty Commitments, 26 Terminating Treaties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helfer Laurence R
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Law ◽  
Managing Risk ◽  
Normative Implications

This chapter reviews the research on treaty exit and draws upon a variety of recent examples and illustrations from a range of subject areas to discuss its practical, theoretical, and normative implications. Part I provides an overview of the international rules governing exit from multilateral and bilateral agreements, including key provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Part II highlights the wide variations in the design and invocation of treaty termination, denunciation, and withdrawal clauses. Part III sets forth a theory of treaty exit. It argues that termination, denunciation, and withdrawal clauses are tools for managing risk — a pervasive feature of international affairs. A concluding section identifies avenues for future research for scholars and practitioners alike.

Reorganizing Organizational Politics Research: A Review of the Literature and Identification of Future Research Directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald R. Ferris ◽  
B. Parker Ellen ◽  
Charn P. McAllister ◽  
Liam P. Maher
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Politics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Perceptions Of Organizational Politics ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Political Actions ◽  
New Framework

Organizational politics has been an oft-studied phenomenon for nearly four decades. Prior reviews have described research in this stream as aligning with one of three categories: perceptions of organizational politics (POPs), political behavior, or political skill. We suggest that because these categories are at the construct level research on organizational politics has been artificially constrained. Thus, we suggest a new framework with higher-level categories within which to classify organizational politics research: political characteristics, political actions, and political outcomes. We then provide a broad review of the literature applicable to these new categories and discuss the possibilities for future research within each expanded category. Finally, we close with a discussion of future directions for organizational politics research across the categories.

scholarly journals Dictators and Their Subjects: Authoritarian Attitudinal Effects and Legacies

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1839-1860
Author(s):  
Anja Neundorf ◽  
Grigore Pop-Eleches
Keyword(s):  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
Attitudinal Effects ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
New Framework

This introductory essay outlines the key themes of the special issue on the long-term impact of autocracies on the political attitudes and behavior of their subjects. Here, we highlight several important areas of theoretical and empirical refinements, which can provide a more nuanced picture of the process through which authoritarian attitudinal legacies emerge and persist. First, we define the nature of attitudinal legacies and their driving mechanisms, developing a framework of competing socialization. Second, we use the competing socialization framework to explain two potential sources of heterogeneity in attitudinal and behavioral legacies: varieties of institutional features of authoritarian regimes, which affect the nature of regime socialization efforts; and variations across different subgroups of (post-)authoritarian citizens, which reflect the nature and strength of alternative socialization efforts. This new framework can help us to better understand contradictory findings in this emerging literature as well as set a new agenda for future research.

The geographic concentration of use of force incidents at subway stations mimics the law of crime concentration bandwidths: A research note

2020 ◽  
pp. 0032258X2092809
Author(s):  
Evan T Sorg ◽  
Kimberly A Houser ◽  
Carla Lewandowski ◽  
Natalie Schell-Busey
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Geographic Concentration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Law Of Crime Concentration ◽  
Risky Facilities ◽  
The Law ◽  
Subway Stations

The Law of Crime Concentration states that a small percent of microplaces will account for large portions of crime. In this research, we demonstrate that police use of force incidents likewise occur at a small percentage of subway stations in Philadelphia, a category of ‘risky facilities’, where crime concentration is also expected. Those percentages mimic the bandwidths of the Law of Crime Concentration. We sketch pertinent data collection needs and future research questions that should be explored if a crime and place perspective is to play a role in understanding and informing policies geared toward reducing the extent to which police use force against the public.

Prospective Memory

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prospective Memory Task ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Intended Action ◽  
Event Based ◽  
New Framework

Prospective memory involves remembering to perform an action when there is a delay between forming the intention to act and the point at which the action can be carried out. The distinction between time- and event-based prospective memory, the typical laboratory paradigm, and the concept of cost as a measure of the extent to which attention is allocated to the prospective memory task at the expense of other activities are described. Two theories of prospective memory are compared. Also noted is that prospective memory involves retrospective memory processes, for remembering what the intended action is and remembering when the action is to be performed, and a prospective component for remembering that something is to be done. The new concept of metaintentions or metaintentional processes is introduced along with a new framework for organizing existing research and motivating future research. The literature is reviewed within the structure of this new framework.

Descent into Murder: Provocation's Stricture—The Prognosis for Women Who Kill Men Who Abuse Them

2007 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Battered Women ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Judicial Discretion ◽  
Reasonable Person ◽  
Women Who Kill ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mandatory Sentence ◽  
New Framework

This article considers the ruling in Attorney-General for Jersey v Holley1 and its impact on limiting the ambit of the defence of provocation by restoring to the reasonable person a normative capacity for self-control. In particular, the implications of this limitation on legal outcome in cases where women kill men who abuse them are explored. The inevitable demise of provocation as a defence, which follows from the ruling in Holley, is of particular concern as is the new framework for sentencing in convictions for murder2 which in removing judicial discretion from the sentencing decision prohibits judges from tempering the harshness of the mandatory sentence. This new murder/sentencing regime will undoubtedly result in injustice, especially in those cases where battered women kill, which, although deserving of mitigation, nevertheless fail to satisfy the strictures of provocation's requirements post Holley, thereby resulting in an increase in convictions for murder. The Law Commission's report on Murder, Manslaughter and Infanticide3 recommends a new framework for murder and manslaughter, including a new definition of provocation and also a new direction in the murder sentencing framework. This area of the law is still far from fixed.

The Updated COSO Internal Control—Integrated Framework: Recommendations and Opportunities for Future Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane J. Janvrin ◽  
Elizabeth A. Payne ◽  
Paul Byrnes ◽  
Gary P. Schneider ◽  
Mary B. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Accounting Information System ◽  
Integrated Framework ◽  
Shareholder Interest ◽  
New Framework

ABSTRACT To address the changing business environment and increased shareholder interest, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) recently issued an exposure draft updating its 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework. We review the updated Framework and discuss the comments we (as the Environmental Scanning Committee of the American Accounting Association's Information Systems Section) offered COSO regarding how to improve the Framework. In addition, we identify research opportunities for accounting information system scholars related to the new Framework.

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