scholarly journals Was glass the classical currency of the yoruba?

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Production ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
High Alumina ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
The World ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

“The findings from the archaeological excavations at Ile-Ife include several pits that appeared to be furnace ruins, over 20,000 glass beads, 1,500 crucible fragments (ceramic vessels used in glass production), and several kilograms of glass waste. Results of the analysis show that Ile-Ife glass is chemically distinctive. It is now referred to as high lime high alumina (HLHA) glass — Not Known from Anywhere Else in The World” [1].

scholarly journals Glass Beads, Markers of Ancient Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: Methodology, State of the Art and Perspectives

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2343-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Koleini ◽  
Philippe Colomban ◽  
Innocent Pikirayi ◽  
Linda C. Prinsloo
Keyword(s):  
Glass Production ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Sub Saharan

Glass beads have been produced and traded for millennia all over the world for use as everyday items of adornment, ceremonial costumes or objects of barter. The preservation of glass beads is good and large hoards have been found in archaeological sites across the world. The variety of shape, size and colour as well as the composition and production technologies of glass beads led to the motivation to use them as markers of exchange pathways covering the Indian Ocean, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Mediterranean world, Europe and America and also as chronological milestones. This review addresses the history of glass production, the methodology of identification (morphology, colour, elemental composition, glass nanostructure, colouring and opacifying agents and secondary phases) by means of laboratory based instruments (LA-ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, XRF, NAA, Raman microspectroscopy) as well as the mobile instruments (pXRF, Raman) used to study glass beads excavated from sub-Saharan African sites. Attention is paid to the problems neglected such as the heterogeneity of glass (recycled and locally reprocessed glass). The review addresses the potential information that could be extracted using advanced portable methods of analysis.

From sand to sea: tracing the production and trade in glass beads from the 10th-century Cirebon shipwreck in the Java Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Swan
Keyword(s):  
Glass Production ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Rock Crystal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Merchant Ship ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Java Sea ◽  
Indian Ocean World ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Lapis Lazuli

Around the year 970 CE, a merchant ship carrying an assortment of goods from East Africa, Persia, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and China foundered and sank to the bottom of the Java Sea. Thousands of beads made from many different materials—ceramic, jet, coral, banded stone, lapis lazuli, rock crystal, sapphire, ruby, garnet, pearl, gold, and glass—attest to the long-distance movement and trade of these small and often precious objects throughout the Indian Ocean world. The beads made of glass are of particular interest, as closely-dated examples are very rare and there is some debate as to where glass beads were being made and traded during this period of time. This paper examines 18 glass beads from the Cirebon shipwreck that are now in the collection of Qatar Museums, using a comparative typological and chemical perspective within the context of the 10th-century glass production. Although it remains uncertain where some of the beads were made, the composition of the glass beads points to two major production origins for the glass itself: West Asia and South Asia.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Material Properties of Mortar Reinforced with Glass Fiber: An Experimental Study

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Małek ◽  
Mateusz Jackowski ◽  
Waldemar Łasica ◽  
Marta Kadela ◽  
Marcin Wachowski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Split Tensile Strength ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
Poisson Coefficient ◽  
Recycled Glass ◽  
Setting Times ◽  
The World

The progressive increase in the amount of glass waste produced each year in the world made it necessary to start the search for new recycling methods. This work summarizes the experimental results of the study on mortar samples containing dispersed reinforcement in the form of glass fibers, fully made from melted glass waste (bottles). Mortar mixes were prepared according to a new, laboratory-calculated recipe containing glass fibers, granite as aggregate, polycarboxylate-based deflocculant and Portland cement (52.5 MPa). This experimental work involved three different contents (600, 1200, and 1800 g/m3) of recycled glass fibers. After 28 days, the mechanical properties such as compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength were characterized. Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity and Poisson coefficient were determined. The initial and final setting times, porosity, and pH of the blends were measured. Images of optical microscopy (OM) were taken. The addition of glass fibers improves the properties of mortar. The highest values of mechanical properties were obtained for concrete with the addition of 1800 g/m3 of glass fibers (31.5% increase in compressive strength, 29.9% increase in flexural strength, and 97.6% increase in split tensile strength compared to base sample).

Coin Circulation in the Balkans in Late Antiquity

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GUEST
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Notable Feature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Early Byzantine

The archaeological excavations carried out on late Roman and early Byzantine sites in the Balkans has revolutionized our knowledge of this part of the world in Late Antiquity. How these sites are dated is obviously important as, without accurate and reliable dating, it is difficult to understand how they fit into the wider historical narrative. This chapter takes the coins excavated at Dichin as its starting point and, by careful analysis, proposes a general dating scheme for the two phases of occupation at the settlement. The lack of coins struck during the years 474–518 is a notable feature of the assemblage from Dichin, a pattern that is repeated at most sites in the region where coins of the emperor Zeno are particularly rare. By looking at both site finds and hoards from the region, however, these explanations need to be revised as they are based on a numismatic mirage rather than archaeological fact.

scholarly journals Water on the Moon

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (A29B) ◽  
pp. 402-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne J. Pendleton
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Modern Equipment ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World

AbstractAfter years of thinking the Moon is dry, we now know there are three manifestations in which water appears on the Moon today: 1) Previously hypothesized buried deposits of volatiles at the lunar poles were found at Cabeus crater. There are questions about the origin of such volatiles (i.e., in-falling comets & meteorites, migration of recently formed surficial OH/H2O, and accumulated release from the interior), but there is no doubt the water is there. 2) Widespread, thinly-distributed, surficial OH (or H2O) has been clearly detected across all types of lunar terrain. The consensus is that the OH is derived from solar wind, but we do not know how quickly it forms, nor how mobile it is. 3) The amount of water present soon after the Moon formed is now documented in new analyses of lunar materials in volcanic glass beads, apatites and plagioclase feldspars. Apollo era sample analyses were not precise enough to distinguish between indigenous lunar water and terrestrial contamination. Measurements with modern equipment are more precise (both elemental and isotopic), and can better constrain a host of processes (e.g. diffusion, thermal cycling). Scientists around the world are studying lunar water. Ongoing analyses are informing a number of hypotheses and theories about the connection between the Earth and its wet Moon.

scholarly journals Glass production on the Lava factories

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Andrei Drozdov
Keyword(s):  
Glass Factory ◽  
Glass Composition ◽  
Window Glass ◽  
Glass Production ◽  
Metal Plate ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
The Public ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

This article describes the finds (glass pieces, byproducts, fragments of items) discovered on the site of former Lava factories, which were initially owned by V. Elmsel (1730), and in 1738 passed to the public coffers. Factories on the Lava River manufactured window glass by casting on a metal plate, as well as hot-glass items and window glass using lunar method. The glass composition and color varied: ash matter (“Cherkass glass”) was green; and potash glass was pale blue or grayish hue, discolored with cobalt and manganese. The factory also produced blue glass painted with cobalt. The analysis is conducted on the document that contains the order of the Palace Chancellery for manufacturing glass items on the Lava factories. The scientific novelty consists in the following: establishment of the location of glass factories on the Lava River; systematization of the finds and conclusion on hot and cold glass manufacturing techniques; description of the discovered fragments of glassware, mirror and window glass in comparison with similar items preserved in the museum collections and found during the archaeological excavations in Moscow; description of cooperation of Lava factories with the Saint Petersburg glass factory in execution of the Palace. The conducted research allows attributing certain items stored in the private and museum collections to the items manufactures by Lava factories. The author concludes on the need for archaeological excavations on the site of Lava factories.

scholarly journals Unconventional Technique for Producing Borosilicate Glass Foam

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Lucian Paunescu ◽  
Marius Florin Dragoescu ◽  
Sorin Mircea Axinte ◽  
Felicia Cosmulescu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Experimental Equipment ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
Homogeneous Microstructure ◽  
Advanced Technique ◽  
The World ◽  
Glass Foam

The study aims to test an advanced technique but insufficiently valued in the world in the process of experimental manufacture of borosilicate glass foam. It is about the unconventional technique of heating solids by using the microwave radiation converted into heat. The experimental equipment on which the tests were performed was a 0.8-kW microwave oven commonly used in the household with constructive adaptations to be operational at high temperature. The adopted manufacturing recipe was composed of borosilicate glass waste with the addition of calcium carbonate, boric acid and water in different weight proportions. The material was sintered at 829-834 ºC by predominantly direct microwave heating and the optimal foamed product had characteristics similar to those manufactured by conventional techniques (apparent density of 0.33 g/cm3, thermal conductivity of 0.070 W/m•K, compressive strength of 3.1 MPa and a homogeneous microstructure with pore size between 0.7-1.0 mm). The energy efficiency of the unconventional manufacturing process was remarkable, the specific energy consumption being only 0.92 kWh/kg.

scholarly journals Documentation of Archaeological Materials from the Cherokee Lake Site (41RK132), Rusk County, Texas

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Perttula
Keyword(s):  
Supine Position ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
The Body ◽  
The West ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Lake Site ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Deceased Individual

The Cherokee Lake site was discovered by Buddy Calvin Jones in 1956, after a terrace area along Tiawichi Creek, inundated by the construction of Lake Cherokee in 1947, had been graded for the constmction of fish hatcheries there. Jones identified a single burial and a large storage pit in Area A at the southern end of the terrace, where there was a shallow (0-30 em bs) midden deposit. The burial in Area A is an Historic Nadaco Caddo grave that probably dates to the early 18th century based on the recovery of 15 blue glass beads. This strand of beads was placed near the legs of the deceased individual. The Caddo person had been placed in an extended supine position in a pit that was 1.83 m long and 0.76 em in width, with the head facing towards the west. The estimated depth of the grave was 0.76 m, and its fill was a dark charcoal-stained midden. In addition to the strand of glass beads, three ceramic vessels had been placed as funerary offerings in the grave along with a Fresno arrow point by the upper left leg. One Simms Engraved vessel was on the left side of the body, near the foot of the grave, while a second Simms Engraved vessel had been placed by the individual's right foot, along with a Maydelle Incised jar. A plain clay elbow pipe had been placed inside the jar. Two of the vessels from this burial have been recently documented in the collections of the Gregg County Historical Museum in Longview, Texas; the Maydelle Incised vessel is no longer in the collection.

scholarly journals Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Cherokee Lake Site (41RK132), Rusk County, Texas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Perttula
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
The Body ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Ceramic Sherd ◽  
Clay Pipe ◽  
Sabine River ◽  
Lake Site ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The Cherokee Lake site (41RK132), also called the Tiawichi Creek Burial site, was discovered by Buddy Calvin Jones in 1956, on a terrace area along Tiawichi Creek at its confluence with Mill Creek, inundated by the construction of Lake Cherokee in 1947, that had been graded for the construction of fish hatcheries there. Tiawichi Creek is a tributary stream in the mid–Sabine River basin. Jones identified a single burial and a large storage pit in Area A at the southern end of the terrace, where there was a shallow (0–30 cm bs) midden deposit. The burial in Area A is an Historic Nadaco Caddo grave that probably dates to the early 18th century based on the recovery of 15 blue glass beads. This strand of beads was placed near the legs of the deceased individual. The Caddo person had been placed in an extended supine position in a pit that was 1.83 m long and 0.76 cm in width, with the head facing towards the west. The estimated depth of the grave was 0.76 m, and its fill was a dark charcoal–stained midden. In addition to the strand of glass beads, three ceramic vessels had been placed as funerary offerings in the grave along with a Fresno arrow point by the upper left leg. One Simms Engraved vessel was on the left side of the body, near the foot of the grave, while a second Simms Engraved vessel had been placed by the individual’s right foot, along with a Maydelle Incised jar. A plain clay elbow pipe had been placed inside the jar. A storage pit excavated by Jones in Area A at the Cherokee Lake site appears to have been primarily associated with a pre–A.D. 1200 Caddo occupation, based on the recovery of Hickory Engraved and Dunkin Incised pottery sherds, long–stemmed Red River clay pipe sherds, and Catahoula, Alba, and Bonham arrow points. This occupation probably created the midden deposits found in Area A. In this article, I discuss ceramic sherds collected by Jones from Area A at the Cherokee Lake site. Some of the sherds were surface collected in March 1956 from the midden deposits, but it is not clear if this ceramic sherd assemblage is part of the sample of 300 sherds discussed by Jones from an Area A surface collection. The present ceramic sherd assemblage is curated at the Gregg County Historical Museum (GCHM).

scholarly journals KERAMIČKI NALAZI S LOKALITETA GLAVICE – STARA POVLJANA U KONTEKSTU PRAPOVIJESNIH NASELJA NA OTOKU PAGU

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morana Vuković ◽  
Zrinka Serventi
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Arable Field ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Prehistoric Settlements ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Numerous remains of ceramic vessels were discovered during the archaeological excavations carried out in 2012 at the site of Glavice near Stara Povljana on the island of Pag. Some of these finds can be attributed to the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period (indicated also by the finds of Venetian coins), and others are clearly dated to the prehistoric period, predominantly Iron Age. The aforementioned remains were discovered around and even within the heavily damaged dry stone structures, which, although they cannot be precisely dated to either prehistoric or later periods, indicate the longevity of use of this site for habitation. Due to the context of these finds it is highly possible that the prehistoric settlement was organized on the plateau below the nearby hill and adjacent to the arable field, which is considered to be atypical for the area and indicates a possible change in settlement placement patterns. Therefore, in this paper we shall analyse fragments of prehistoric vessels, their consistency, typology and decorations, and place them in the context of prehistoric finds in the wider territory as well as evaluate the importance of this site in the overall distribution of prehistoric settlements on the island of Pag.

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