scholarly journals BRAIN AND EYE AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR IONIZING RADIATION IMPACT. Part І. THE CONSEQUENCES OF IRRADIATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE LIQUIDATION OF THE CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 90-129
Author(s):  
K. Loganovsky ◽  
◽  
P. Fedirko ◽  
K. Kuts ◽  
D. Marazziti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficit ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Medical Radiology

Background.Exposure to ionizing radiation could affect the brain and eyes leading to cognitive and vision impairment, behavior disorders and performance decrement during professional irradiation at medical radiology, including interventional radiological procedures, long-term space flights, and radiation accidents. Objective. The objective was to analyze the current experimental, epidemiological, and clinical data on the radiation cerebro-ophthalmic effects. Materials and methods. In our analytical review peer-reviewed publications via the bibliographic and scientometric bases PubMed / MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and selected papers from the library catalog of NRCRM – the leading institution in the field of studying the medical effects of ionizing radiation – were used. Results. The probable radiation-induced cerebro-ophthalmic effects in human adults comprise radiation cataracts, radiation glaucoma, radiation-induced optic neuropathy, retinopathies, angiopathies as well as specific neurocognitive deficit in the various neuropsychiatric pathology including cerebrovascular pathology and neurodegenerative diseases. Specific attention is paid to the likely stochastic nature of many of those effects. Those prenatally and in childhood exposed are a particular target group with a higher risk for possible radiation effects and neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusions. The experimental, clinical, epidemiological, anatomical and pathophysiological rationale for visual system and central nervous system (CNS) radiosensitivity is given. The necessity for further international studies with adequate dosimetric support and the follow-up medical and biophysical monitoring of high radiation risk cohorts is justified. The first part of the study currently being published presents the results of the study of the effects of irradiation in the participants of emergency works at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP). Key words: ionizing radiation, cerebroophthalmic effects, neurocognitive deficit, radiation accident, radiation cataracts, macular degeneration.

scholarly journals Radiation-Induced Cerebro-Ophthalmic Effects in Humans

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin N. Loganovsky ◽  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Pavlo A. Fedirko ◽  
Kostiantyn V. Kuts ◽  
Katerina Y. Antypchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Available Information

Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) could affect the human brain and eyes leading to both cognitive and visual impairments. The aim of this paper was to review and analyze the current literature, and to comment on the ensuing findings in the light of our personal contributions in this field. The review was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines by searching PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO and Google Scholar English papers published from January 2000 to January 2020. The results showed that prenatally or childhood-exposed individuals are a particular target group with a higher risk for possible radiation effects and neurodegenerative diseases. In adulthood and medical/interventional radiologists, the most frequent IR-induced ophthalmic effects include cataracts, glaucoma, optic neuropathy, retinopathy and angiopathy, sometimes associated with specific neurocognitive deficits. According to available information that eye alterations may induce or may be associated with brain dysfunctions and vice versa, we propose to label this relationship “eye-brain axis”, as well as to deepen the diagnosis of eye pathologies as early and easily obtainable markers of possible low dose IR-induced brain damage.

Radiopharmacology: Hazard or/and Benefit

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Late Effects ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Medical Radiology ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
In The Beginning

SummaryIn the beginning of medical radiology, only the benefit of ionizing radiation was obvious, and radiation was handled and applied generously. After late effects had become known, the radiation exposure was reduced to doses following which no such effects were found. Thus, it was assumed that one could obtain an optimal medical benefit without inducing any hazard. Later, due to experimental findings, hypotheses arose (linear dose-effect response, no time factor) which led to the opinion that even low and lowest radiation doses were relevant for the induction of late effects. A radiation fear grew, which was unintentionally strengthened by radiation protection decrees: even for low doses a radiation risk could be calculated. Therefore, it was believed that there could still exist a radiation hazard, and the radiation benefit remained in question. If, however, all presently known facts are considered, one must conclude that large radiation doses are hazardous and low doses are inefficient, whereas lowest doses have a biopositive effect. Ionizing radiation, therefore, may cause both, hazard as well as benefit. Which of the two effects prevails is determined by the level of dose.

Risk Communication in the Field of Radiation

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (sp) ◽  
pp. 608-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiko Kanda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Communication ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Crisis Care ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dose Radiation

The handling of the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant (FNPP) operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company further underscores the importance of clear risk communication. The quality of risk communication during this crisis and in its aftermath was evaluated, however, as unsatisfactory by the government, the massmedia, and experts to date. Risk communication problems are divided into those derived from risk and those derived from communication. A lack of skill in communicating the risks involved was major point raised concerning the present situation, but we also face difficulty in informing the general public of radiation risks due to insufficient communication about these risks, a lack of education about radiation before the accident, the uncertainty of risks assessed as due to low-dose radiation, and confusion regarding knowledge about radiation effects and policy for protecting ourselves from radiation. These problems are specific to radiation and cannot be solved by communication skills alone. In this paper, I summarize concepts of radiation protection, low-dose radiation risk assessment, and the Japanese population’s recognition of radiation related to actual and potential risk communication problems about radiation. I will also briefly examine the actual problems of crisis, care, and consensus communication in response to the FNPP accident. These are categorized as either radiation-specific or general problems to discuss the elements needed to solve risk communication problems problems.

scholarly journals Metabolomic Studies of Tissue Injury in Nonhuman Primates Exposed to Gamma-Radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita K. Cheema ◽  
Khyati Y. Mehta ◽  
Meena U. Rajagopal ◽  
Stephen Y. Wise ◽  
Oluseyi O. Fatanmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Over Time

Exposure to ionizing radiation induces a complex cascade of systemic and tissue-specific responses that lead to functional impairment over time in the surviving population. However, due to the lack of predictive biomarkers of tissue injury, current methods for the management of survivors of radiation exposure episodes involve monitoring of individuals over time for the development of adverse clinical symptoms and death. Herein, we report on changes in metabolomic and lipidomic profiles in multiple tissues of nonhuman primates (NHPs) that were exposed to a single dose of 7.2 Gy whole-body 60Co γ-radiation that either survived or succumbed to radiation toxicities over a 60-day period. This study involved the delineation of the radiation effects in the liver, kidney, jejunum, heart, lung, and spleen. We found robust metabolic changes in the kidney and liver and modest changes in other tissue types at the 60-day time point in a cohort of NHPs. Remarkably, we found significant elevation of long-chain acylcarnitines in animals that were exposed to radiation across multiple tissue types underscoring the role of this class of metabolites as a generic indicator of radiation-induced normal tissue injury. These studies underscore the utility of a metabolomics approach for delineating anticipatory biomarkers of exposure to ionizing radiation.

scholarly journals Evidence for Increased Susceptibility to Breast Cancer From Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Due to a Familial History of Breast Cancer: Results From the Swedish Hemangioma Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Markus Eidemüller ◽  
Erik Holmberg ◽  
Marie Lundell ◽  
Per Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Mammography Screening ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Contralateral Breast ◽  
Breast Cancer Radiotherapy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Radiation Induced

Abstract Women with a history of breast cancer among family members are at increased risk for breast cancer. However, it is unknown whether a familial breast cancer history (FBCH) also increases individual susceptibility to breast cancer from radiation exposure. In this cohort study, 17,200 female Swedish hemangioma patients with 1,079 breast cancer cases diagnosed between 1958 and 2013, exposed to ionizing radiation in infancy, were linked to their first-degree relatives. The association between FBCH and radiation-induced breast cancer risk was assessed. Further, the relevance for breast cancer radiotherapy and mammography screening was evaluated. On average, the radiation-induced excess relative risk and excess absolute risk of breast cancer at age 50 years were 0.51 Gy−1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33, 0.71) and 10.8 cases/10,000 person-years/Gy (95% CI: 7.0, 14.6), respectively. Radiation risk was higher by a factor of 2.7 (95% CI: 1.0, 4.8; P = 0.05) if 1 first-degree relative was affected by breast cancer. For whole-breast standard radiotherapy at age 40 years with a contralateral breast dose of 0.72 Gy, the 20-year radiation-related excess risk of contralateral breast cancer was estimated to increase from 0.6% for women without FBCH to 1.7% for women with FBCH. In a biennial mammography screening program at ages 40–74 years, radiation risk up to age 80 years would increase from 0.11% for women without FBCH to 0.29% for women with FBCH.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Modifying the Effects of Ionizing Radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tünde Szatmári ◽  
Rita Hargitai ◽  
Géza Sáfrány ◽  
Katalin Lumniczky
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Almost All

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated nanovesicles actively secreted by almost all cell types. EVs can travel long distances within the body, being finally taken up by the target cells, transferring information from one cell to another, thus influencing their behavior. The cargo of EVs comprises of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins derived from the cell of origin, thereby it is cell-type specific; moreover, it differs between diseased and normal cells. Several studies have shown that EVs have a role in tumor formation and prognosis. It was also demonstrated that ionizing radiation can alter the cargo of EVs. EVs, in turn can modulate radiation responses and they play a role in radiation-induced bystander effects. Due to their biocompatibility and selective targeting, EVs are suitable nanocarrier candidates of drugs in various diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, the cargo of EVs can be engineered, and in this way they can be designed to carry certain genes or even drugs, similar to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we describe the biological characteristics of EVs, focusing on the recent efforts to use EVs as nanocarriers in oncology, the effects of EVs in radiation therapy, highlighting the possibilities to use EVs as nanocarriers to modulate radiation effects in clinical applications.

scholarly journals Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 200-205
Author(s):  
Ashish Chaturvedi ◽  
Vinod Jain
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Medical Benefits ◽  
Radiation Induced Cancer ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

The effects of radiation was first recognized in the use of X-rays for medical diagnosis. The rush in exploiting the medical benefits led fairly to the recognition of the risks and induced harm associated with it. In the early days, the most obvious harm resulting from high doses of radiation, such as radiation burns were observed and protection efforts were focused on their prevention, mainly for practitioners rather than patients. Although the issue was narrow, this lead to the origin of radiation protection as a discipline. Subsequently, it was gradually recognized that there were other, less obvious, harmful radiation effects such as radiation-induced cancer, for which there is a certain risk even at low doses of radiation. This risk cannot be completely prevented but can only be minimized. Therefore, the balancing of benefits from nuclear and radiation practices against radiation risk and efforts to reduce the residual risk has become a major feature of radiation protection. In this paper, we shall be looking at the precautionary measures for protecting life, properties and environment against ionizing radiation.

scholarly journals ASTAXANTHIN MODIFIES CLASTOGENIC EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION IN VITRO IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES OF THE PERSONS RECOVERED FROM ACUTE RADIATION SICKNESS

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Кurinnyi ◽  
S R Rushkovsky ◽  
O B Dybska ◽  
G V Dubrovina ◽  
M A Pilinska
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Acute Radiation Sickness ◽  
Cytogenetic Effects ◽  
Radiation Induced

Aim: To assess radioprotective activity of astaxanthin toward radiation-induced in vitro cytogenetic effects in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Materials and Methods: PBL from the cleanup workers exposed to ionizing radiation at high doses in 1986 during accident on Chornobyl nuclear power plant and who were diagnosed with acute radiation sickness of the first and second degrees, were cultured in vitro. Astaxanthin was added into the culture medium at a final concentration of 20.0 µg/ml, prior to γ-irradiation of PBL in vitro at a dose of 1 Gy. The slides of metaphase chromosomes were analyzed. Results: Astaxanthin demonstrated considerable radioprotective effect in irradiated PBL manifested in significantly decreased levels of unstable cyto radioprotective effect in irradiated PBL manifested in significantly decreased levels of unstable cytoradioprotective effect in irradiated PBL manifested in significantly decreased levels of unstable cytogenetic markers of radiation exposure (dicentrics and centric rings). Conclusion: The data evidence on radioprotective capacity of astaxanthin toward radiation-induced cytogenetic effects in vitro in PBL of liquidators irradiated during Chornobyl nuclear power plant accident. This article is a part of a Special Issue entitled “The Chornobyl Nuclear Accident: Thirty Years After”.

Embryotoxic and Teratogenic Effects of Gamma Radiation on Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
D Isaev ◽  
D. Guryev ◽  
T. Blohina ◽  
E. Yashkina ◽  
A. Osipov
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects

The review considers investigations presenting experimental data on the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) which is a convenient model for experimental embryology and radiation biology. The molecular mechanisms involved in response to the ionizing radiation influence as well as determining the embryonic death level, development disorders of embryos are examined. The data on acute and chronic effects of ionizing radiation on embryos of various stages of development with wide range of dose rates are presented. It was shown that the influence of γ-radiation on the death and development of zebrafish embryos is nonmonotonic and depends both on the irradiation conditions and on the stage of embryogenesis. The results of such studies are extremely important for understanding the mechanisms of radiation-induced biological effects formation in the embryogenesis of vertebrates, including humans, as well as for developing methods and approaches to assessing radiation risk for a developing organism.

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