scholarly journals “Teaching the poor of the Irish nation”: The Endeavours of the Protestant “Sons of Erin” to Educate Their Catholic “Brethren” in the Age of Catholic Agitation, 1800–1850

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Bénazech Wendling
Keyword(s):  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Reciprocal Influences ◽  
British State ◽  
The Relationship

In Ireland, the Protestant missionary impetus of the early 19th century, known as the 'Second Reformation', coincided with Daniel O’Connell’s movement for the emancipation of Catholics and the Repeal of the Union which concurrently met with resounding success. As the Irish nationalist movement was becoming more and more catholicised, The Irish Society for Promoting the Education of the Native Irish through the Medium of Their Own Language promoted access to the Bible in “the pure Gaelic language and the Irish character” for both the spiritual salvation of “the [poorer] sons of Erin” and “the political repose and moral amelioration of Ireland.” Even if the Second Reformation has often been considered as an attempt at anglicising the Irish through conversion, a reassessment of the reciprocal influences of Protestant missions and Irish nationalism is timely. Therefore, this paper, relying on a wide range of archival material, intends to examine how the discourse of this Protestant society disrupted the status quo of Irish and British identities.  Was the Society’s redefinition of Irish identity, which combined a shared Irish culture with loyalty to the British state, perceived by O’Connell’s nationalist movement as a threat or an opportunity? This exploration of the relationship between Christianity and nationalism highlights the complex ties that can be found between several layered identities and disrupts the binaries of the vernacular being promoted by the champions of independence and of native languages being erased by the advocates of imperial rule.

Truth

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis G. Burgess ◽  
John P. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Saul Kripke ◽  
Semantic Paradoxes ◽  
Alfred Tarski ◽  
Rich Picture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Technical Material ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
Philosophical Debates ◽  
The Relationship

This book is a concise introduction to current philosophical debates about truth. Combining philosophical and technical material, the book is organized around, but not limited to, the view known as deflationism. In clear language, the book covers a wide range of issues, including the nature of truth, the status of truth–value gaps, the relationship between truth and meaning, relativism and pluralism about truth, and semantic paradoxes from Alfred Tarski to Saul Kripke and beyond. The book provides a rich picture of contemporary philosophical theorizing about truth, one that will be essential reading for philosophy students as well as philosophers specializing in other areas.

Form and Substance in International Agreements

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kal Raustiala
Keyword(s):  
International Agreements ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Monitoring Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Range Of Variation

International agreements exhibit a wide range of variation. Many are negotiated as legally binding agreements, while others are expressly nonbinding. Some contain substantive obligations requiring deep, demanding policy changes; others demand little or simply ratify the status quo ante. Some specify institutions to monitor and sanction noncompliance; others create no review structure at all. Thus, there is considerable variation both in the form of international agreements—in their legal bindingness, as well as in the range of structural provisions for monitoring and addressing noncompliance—and in the substantive obligations they impose. This variation in form and substance raises several fundamental questions about the role of international agreements in world politics.’ Why do states differentiate commitments into those which are legally binding and those which are not? What relationship exists between legality and the substantive provisions of an accord, and between legality and structural provisions for monitoring behavior? What is the relationship between substantive obligations and monitoring provisions? Finally, what difference, if any, do these choices make as to the effectiveness of an agreement?

scholarly journals Scientific Exploration and the construction of Geographical knowledge: hints to travellers

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (65) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Driver
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Geographical Knowledge ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Age Of Exploration ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Relationship

The business of scientific exploration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries involved more than simply the routine collection of geographical facts; it required the mobilisation of a wide range of cultural resources, in both its conduct and its representation. It could also be profoundly unsettling, as much for the explorers as the explored. How to explore, how to observe in the field, and indeed the very status of the explorer’s knowledge, were matters of contention. As Dorinda Outram has argued, the practice of exploration raised troubling questions about the relationship between movement, seeing and knowing, not only questions of authority (how can the explorer be trusted?) but also questions of identity (will exploration change us?). The Royal Geographical Society, established in 1830, sought to acquire the status of a scientific society and also to provide a public forum for the celebration of a new age of exploration. These two roles were not easily reconciled. In this paper, I consider the history of Hints to Travellers, the Society’s celebrated guide for prospective explorers, in the context of a wider European discourse of instructions to travellers on how and what to observe. On my understanding, this particular text appears less as a coherent assertion of a geographical way of seeing than as an unstable attempt to resolve some fundamental dilemmas: how was observation to become reliable? What were the limits of ‘geographical’ knowledge? And, above all, what attitude should the scientific establishment have towards the untrained traveller? Hints to Travellers was an attempt to exert authority on a field that was already too large and diverse to be mastered. The history of the Society’s faltering attempts to discipline the growing public interest in aspects of exploration demonstrates, I argue, a fundamental ambivalence over the relationship between popular and specialist forms of geographical knowledge.

The Bible, Its Status and African Christian Theologies: Foundational Document or Stumbling Block?

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Punt
Keyword(s):  
Vantage Point ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
African Theology ◽  
History Of Interpretation ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between the Bible and Christianity, including Christian theology, is traditionally strong and undisputed; however, in Christian theology in Africa, as elsewhere, the status of the biblical texts is contested. A brief consideration of the Bible as 'canon' leads to a broader discussion of how the Bible has to a certain extent become a 'problem' in African theology also, both because of theological claims made about its status, and - and in conjunction with - its perceived complicity in justifying human suffering and hardship. The legacy of the Bible as legitimating agent is dealt with from the vantage point of the history of interpretation; but the latter also provides for a 'rehumanising' of Scripture. In the end, this article is also an attempt to explain some of the different views of the Bible's status in Africa, and to address and mediate the resulting conflict by attending to proposals to view the biblical canon as 'historical prototype', foundational document' - as scripture. A number of important aspects regarding the continuing role of the Bible in African theologies in particular, conclude the essay.

The relationship between religious and national identity in the case of Transylvanian Saxons (1933–1944)

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Cercel
Keyword(s):  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Relationship

Hitler's coming to power in Germany had its key consequences upon the fate of the German minorities in Central and Eastern Europe. The German community in Romania constituted no exception. After 1933, a process of radicalization can be noticed in the case of the Transylvanian Saxons, one of the several German-speaking groups in Romania. The phenomenon has already been analyzed in its political and economic dimensions, yet not so much in its social ones. This article looks at the latter aspect, its argument being that the Nazification of the Transylvanian Saxon community can be best comprehended by using a conceptual framework developed by political scientist Donald Horowitz in the early 1970s. The analysis uses a series of contemporary sources (diaries, issues of the official periodical of the Lutheran Church in Transylvania, Kirchliche Blätter), but also a wide range of secondary sources, academic and literary. Consequently, the article shows that especially after 1933, the Lutheran affiliation, highly relevant for the production and reproduction of the traditional model of Transylvanian Saxon identity, shifted from the status of a criterion of identity to a mere identification indicium. At the same time, the attraction of a (Pan-) German identity, with its Nazi anchors, became stronger and the center of gravity for Transylvanian Saxon identity radically moved towards German ethnicity, in its National-Socialist understanding.

scholarly journals Business English: the Quintessence of the Corporate World

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.36) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
R. Abilasha ◽  
M. Ilankumaran
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Business English ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Global Arena ◽  
The Relationship

The status of English in the global arena has become an irreplaceable and unparalleled one. The language has become apparent and prominent in the key aspects of trade and commerce for the last two decades or more. Though the first spread of the language was due to colonial expansion, it has attained a level of being considered a standard and common one for all official communications by and large particularly in the countries where a vast number of regional and native languages are spoken. English, indeed, is not the most widely spoken language on the earth if it is taken in terms of number of native speakers. It has become a prominent language as it is spoken by people around the world – 350 million of 6 billion people. In case of International business, it is the only language that has occupied a great space revealing the importance of the language. This paper brings to light how English as a language is used for business communication in the corporate sectors. The business at global level is conducted across borders of countries with English as a principal language. The use of language provides many benefits such as helping the concern grow and succeed, invigorating trust among colleagues and clients,  strengthening the relationship with everyone in and out the concern, escalating the skill set of individuals along with commanding lucrative packages and embellishing the international relationship by means of cultural understanding.  

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Caroline E. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Law ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
International Authority ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Status ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
Fragmentation Of International Law ◽  
The Relationship

The reasoning of international adjudicatory bodies in regulatory disputes is gradually producing a set of ‘global regulatory standards’ conditioning the exercise of States’ regulatory freedom and obligations. Global regulatory standards sit at the meeting point between domestic and international authority in a wide range of regulatory fields. Their emergence is the result of the increasing interdependence among States reflected in international law at the present time in history. This book enquires into the legitimacy of this new ‘standards-enriched’ international law, examining the part played by international courts and tribunals in its articulation, the interpretive techniques employed and the influence of the pleadings. These analyses point to the need for political attention to the emerging global regulatory standards, particularly if the relationship between international and domestic authority is to be governed through requirements for proportionality in domestic decision-making. The book goes on to examine a range of further challenges and opportunities arising in connection with the emergence of global regulatory standards. These include the accompanying reconception of sovereignty as conferred power, the need to address the fragmentation of international law, and the potential for developments in the status of private actors within international law.

Where There’s Fire There’s Smoke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Odell
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Divine Command ◽  
Text And Image ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Textual Interpretation ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sociohistorical Context ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

What critics emphasize in their study of the Bible in art depends on a wide range of issues, including the artist’s sociohistorical context, the purpose for which the art is created, and critics’ own interpretive interests. Because all approaches treat biblical art as interpretation in its own right, critics must first address the relationship between text and image. This chapter applies Cheryl Exum’s method of visual criticism to establish a genuine dialogue between biblical texts and their artistic representations in order to interpret figural representations as artistic solutions to textual cruxes. This method is used to elucidate a difficult scene—the painting of Ezekiel’s vision of the valley of dry bones in the Dura-Europos Synagogue. This scene will be examined in light of textual problems in MT Ezekiel 9:1–6, rabbinic textual interpretation of Ezekiel 8-9, and the iconography of idolatry in the cycle of synagogue paintings. The scene does not focus on every detail in these chapters; rather, it produces evidence of idolatry, in the display of bowls and incense burners and, more dramatically, in the portrayal of the executioners’ search for the protective Tau as they carry out the divine command of judgment. The artists’ selection of these two episodes indicates a keen engagement of the artists with questions of identity and idolatry in the religiously plural city of Dura-Europos. Thus explained, the scene clarifies the contribution of the Ezekiel painting to the synagogue cycle’s emphasis on Jewish identity in a polytheist context.

Nationalism and Secessionism

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-42
Author(s):  
André Lecours
Keyword(s):  
Self Determination ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Political Class ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
Nationalist Movements ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Western Democracies

At the turn of the twentieth century, nationalist movements in Western democracies were not expected to feature strong secessionism. Catalonia and Scotland defied this expectation while Flanders and South Tyrol conformed to it. This divergence is the starting point for this chapter, which sets up the controlled comparison. The chapter discusses how to account for the strength of secessionism within nationalist movements in liberal-democratic contexts using historical institutionalism to build a framework where the nature of autonomy, more specifically its capacity to evolve in time, determines if a nationalist movement has a strong secessionist stream or not. It offers a conceptual innovation, distinguishing between static and dynamic autonomy. It lays out the expectation for the relationship between autonomy and secessionism analysed in the four case studies of the controlled comparison: static autonomy should stimulate secessionism because it reduces self-determination options to the status quo and independence while dynamic autonomy should weaken secessionism, since it involves on-going adjustments to the evolving identity and interests of the internal national community as defined by its political class. The chapter also discusses the research design for the controlled comparison and details the process-tracing methodology used to see how the nature of autonomy has impacted the self-determination claims of four nationalist movements in Western democracies.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

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