Do domestic immigrants live longer? An approach for estimating the life expectancy of small populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-416
Author(s):  
Hsin-Chung Wang ◽  
Jack C. Yue ◽  
Tzu-Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
County Level ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Domestic Migration ◽  
Social Welfare Programs

Ageing is a major demographic issue for the world of the 21st century and is caused by substantial declines in fertility and mortality rates. Without international migration, most developed countries would not be able to balance the resulting losses of population and work force. The proportion of elderly (aged 65 and over) in Taiwan reached the threshold of 7%, indicating an ageing society, in 1993, and has been increasing dramatically since then. The county-level populations in Taiwan are also ageing rapidly, but the local changes vary widely because domestic migration rates of each county are different. Urbanization is becoming more obvious, with people tending to move to large cities and counties with better social welfare programs. As a result, domestic migration plays an important role in population ageing at the county level, and the people in counties with larger numbers of domestic immigrants are expected to have a longer life expectancy. However, the life expectancies of people in these counties do not bear out this trend. In the present study, based on domestic migration records from the Department of the Interior of Taiwan, we applied graduation methods and small-area estimation skills to construct county-level life tables, and evaluate whether domestic immigrants have lower mortality rates than those who do not migrate. We found that the domestic immigrants of Kinmen County have significantly lower mortality rates, but those of Hsinchu County do not.

Developing Professional Leadership for Social Programs

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest F. Witte
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
The People ◽  
Professional Leadership ◽  
Current Experience

The insistent demand in less-advanced areas of the world for improved living standards is dependent upon effecting social changes in the habits and living patterns of the people in these areas. Such changes can only be brought about in an orderly way through the development of competent, in formed, indigenous leaders. Among the personnel so urgently needed to initiate and carry on programs of social change are social workers to function at all levels of activity within these countries. As this need has become recognized, a growing world-wide effort to provide such leadership, carried on by many international and national, governmental and voluntary agencies, has emerged. These organizations have developed a great variety of methods to help less-developed countries acquire a nucleus of trained social workers to initiate and carry forward social welfare programs which will ultimately result in better, more secure, and more satisfying lives for the majority of their people. The need for social work personnel is great, and the time available for preparing them is limited. There is much to be learned from past and current experience on how to do this job most effectively.

Outsourcing Welfare

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Germano
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Welfare Policy ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Civil Unrest ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
Rural Mexico

This book is about how remittances—the money international migrants send to family members in their home countries—contribute to economic, political, and social stability in developing countries. Remittances are motivated by altruism, they rise in times of crisis, and they are spent largely on basic goods and services. Because of these qualities, remittances are transnational safety nets that serve a function similar to the social welfare programs most developed countries use to insulate citizens from market, environmental, and life-course risks. Outsourcing Welfare argues that counting on expatriates to send money home has become a de facto social welfare policy in many cash-strapped developing countries during an age of austerity, climate change, and globalization. Through ethnographic research in a coffee-growing village and a pork-producing town in rural Mexico, Outsourcing Welfare shows that the Mexican government was able to count on people to go abroad and send back remittances to compensate for economic shocks that occurred during Mexico’s neoliberal market transition. The book also analyzes survey data collected during Mexico’s 2007–2008 food crisis to illustrate how remittances reduced economic grievances and the demand for government-provided welfare. In later chapters, the book explores the effects of remittances on economic grievances, civil unrest, and political behavior in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Latin America during the global food and financial crises of 2008–2011.

scholarly journals Mortality Inequality: The Good News from a County-Level Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Currie ◽  
Hannes Schwandt
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Good News ◽  
County Level ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Smoking Patterns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

In this essay, we ask whether the distributions of life expectancy and mortality have become generally more unequal, as many seem to believe, and we report some good news. Focusing on groups of counties ranked by their poverty rates, we show that gains in life expectancy at birth have actually been relatively equally distributed between rich and poor areas. Analysts who have concluded that inequality in life expectancy is increasing have generally focused on life expectancy at age 40 to 50. This observation suggests that it is important to examine trends in mortality for younger and older ages separately. Turning to an analysis of age-specific mortality rates, we show that among adults age 50 and over, mortality has declined more quickly in richer areas than in poorer ones, resulting in increased inequality in mortality. This finding is consistent with previous research on the subject. However, among children, mortality has been falling more quickly in poorer areas with the result that inequality in mortality has fallen substantially over time. We also show that there have been stunning declines in mortality rates for African Americans between 1990 and 2010, especially for black men. Finally we offer some hypotheses about causes for the results we see, including a discussion of differential smoking patterns by age and socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals A PLS-SEM Approach to Connect Fertility, GDP, and Childhood Mortality with Female life Expectancy (FLE) in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Md. Mortuza Ahmmed ◽  
Md. Ashraful Babu ◽  
Mohammad Abdul Hoque ◽  
M. Mostafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Female Life Expectancy ◽  
Women's Lives

A reasonable number of studies on the effect of Female life expectancy (FLE) upon the quality of women's lives in developed countries have been done. Bangladesh lacks such a study. We explore the effect of decreasing fertility and childhood mortality rates on FLE in Bangladesh and evaluate the potential impthe act of the demographic transition on GDP. Also, we investigate the trends and patterns of different factors from 1995 to 2018. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) is functioned to fit an appropriate model to link fertility, GDP, and childhood mortality with FLE. The significance of the relationships has also been assessed. Results indicate that declines in fertility and childhood mortality have made significant improvements in FLE. The prospects of demographic transition due to fertility decline have been analyzed, and challenges to achieve it are highlighted.

scholarly journals Obesity and Trends in Life Expectancy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. Walls ◽  
Kathryn Backholer ◽  
Joseph Proietto ◽  
John J. McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Extreme Obesity ◽  
Subsequent Reduction ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Future Burden ◽  
Disability Free Life Expectancy

Background.Increasing levels of obesity over recent decades have been expected to lead to an epidemic of diabetes and a subsequent reduction in life expectancy, but instead all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality rates have decreased steadily in most developed countries and life expectancy has increased.Methods.This paper suggests several factors that may be masking the effects of obesity on life expectancy.Results.It is possible that health and life expectancy gains could be even greater if it was not for the increasing prevalence of extreme obesity. It is also possible that the principal impact of obesity is on disability-free life expectancy rather than on life expectancy itself.Conclusion.If the principal impact of obesity were through disability-free life expectancy rather than on life expectancy itself, this would have substantial implications for the health of individuals and the future burden on the health care system.

HEALTH AND RELATIVE INCOME

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-631
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
The Absolute

Health is affected by differences in relative income (differences between groups of people within the same society), not by the absolute level of average incomes for each society as a whole. This is confirmed by the surprisingly strong relationship between income distribution and mortality rates in developed countries. The countries with the longest life expectancy are not the wealthiest but those with the smallest spread of incomes and the smallest proportion of the population in relative poverty.

Medical Care After 1950

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Older People ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
Care Services

In the years after mid-century, declining mortality rates from infectious and other diseases increased both life expectancy and the proportion of older persons in the population. These changes, the development of third-party payment systems, and new methods of treatment have led to more use of health-care services and greater demands on physicians for quality medical care. Practically all physicians have become specialists, mostly in fields other than primary care. The shortage of family physicians has led many specialists to provide primary care, for which their training has not prepared them. The major demographic change in the population after mid-century has been the increased proportion of older people. Between 1950 and 1982, the population of the United States increased from 152.2 million to 232.1 million. The proportion of the population ages 55 and over increased from 17.0 percent in 1950 to 21.1 percent in 1982, with those 65 years of age and older increasing from 12.4 million to 26.8 million, and those ages 55 to 64 increasing from 13.4 million to 22.1 million. The number under 5 years of age, by comparison, increased by only 1 million, from 16.4 million to 17.4 million. The greater proportion of the elderly in the population has resulted from lower mortality rates and increased life expectancy. The nation’s crude death rate declined from 9.6 per 1,000 population in 1950 to 8.6 per 1,000 population in 1982, even with a larger proportion of older people. The death rate for those under 1 year of age declined the most over the period, from 33.0 per thousand to 11.4 per thousand. This produced an increase in life expectancy at birth from 68.2 years in 1950 to 74.1 years in 1982. The life expectancy of those 65 years of age increased from 13.9 to 16.8 years over the same period. Lower mortality rates from infectious diseases were responsible for much of the overall decline in mortality rates. For example, the age-adjusted death rates from tuberculosis and the combination of influenza and pneumonia, the two most serious infectious diseases at mid-century, declined from 21.7 and 26.2 per 100,000, respectively, in 1950, to 1.0 and 11.3 per 100,000, respectively, in 1982.

Sorting Out the Mixed Economy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C. Offner
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
New Deal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
The Road ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The New Deal

In the years after 1945, a flood of U.S. advisors swept into Latin America with dreams of building a new economic order and lifting the Third World out of poverty. These businessmen, economists, community workers, and architects went south with the gospel of the New Deal on their lips, but Latin American realities soon revealed unexpected possibilities within the New Deal itself. In Colombia, Latin Americans and U.S. advisors ended up decentralizing the state, privatizing public functions, and launching austere social welfare programs. By the 1960s, they had remade the country's housing projects, river valleys, and universities. They had also generated new lessons for the United States itself. When the Johnson administration launched the War on Poverty, U.S. social movements, business associations, and government agencies all promised to repatriate the lessons of development, and they did so by multiplying the uses of austerity and for-profit contracting within their own welfare state. A decade later, ascendant right-wing movements seeking to dismantle the midcentury state did not need to reach for entirely new ideas: they redeployed policies already at hand. This book brings readers to Colombia and back, showing the entanglement of American societies and the contradictory promises of midcentury statebuilding. The untold story of how the road from the New Deal to the Great Society ran through Latin America, the book also offers a surprising new account of the origins of neoliberalism.

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