scholarly journals Goods Specificity and Their Safeguards

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
B.H. Yerznkyan ◽  
K.A. Fontana
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Private And Public

The article emphasizes that there is currently in general a consensus on the fact that there is a wide variety of goods, but there is no consensus on the choice of the only acceptable approach to their classification for all. Among the approaches, we can note those based on a dichotomy (either private or public goods) and a continuum (there are no clear boundaries between private and public goods and all their intermediate variants). The article focuses on the first approach in order to make the visual representation of goods more simplified and intuitive. With this in mind, theoretical approaches to the classification of goods with an emphasis on public interest in some of them, which causes the need for guardianship (patronization) over them, are studied. The starting point is a simple contractual scheme of Williamson, adapted to solve the problem of specificity, however not of assets, but of goods, meaning primarily private and public goods. The traditional expression of this problem is the «freerider» problem, when the need for a public good is not supported by the desire to pay for it. Public goods, whether merit (positive externalities, for example) or demerit (negative externalities), need protective mechanisms, such as patronization – from the state and/or society. Some features of patronized goods and safeguards, or mechanisms for their protection are discussed. It is particularly emphasized that public goods and goods that are likened to them in some sense exist in a certain dynamic institutional environment, the quality of which largely depends on the adequate choice of institutions that can reinforce each other or weaken them if they are not adequately chosen. The mentioned goods are analyzed on the example of water resources, whose specificity, in particular, is manifested in the fact that decision-makers and local authorities can use automatic irrigation systems to produce social (collective, locally public) goods, for example, urban green landscape. In this sense, such systems, being private goods, can act as factors of production of social goods.

Bargaining in Legislatures over Particularistic and Collective Goods

2007 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRAIG VOLDEN ◽  
ALAN E. WISEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Bargaining Model ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
Collective Goods ◽  
Private And Public

We develop a bargaining model in which a legislature divides a budget among particularistic and collective goods. By incorporating both private and public goods in a unified model, we uncover nonmonotonic relationships between legislative preferences for collective spending and the amount of the budget actually allocated to collective goods. Put simply, policy proposers can exploit coalition partners' strong preferences for public goods to actually provide fewer public goods in equilibrium while directing more private goods to themselves. These results explain why policy reforms to limit special interest spending often fail. This unified model also sheds new light on when legislatures prefer open or closed amendment rules and when coalitions take different sizes and shapes.

Insights into the reasons behind the limited implementation of ISO 9001 certification: empirical evidence from Yemen

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Mohamed Aamer ◽  
Mohammed Ali Al-Awlaqi ◽  
Nabeel Mandahawi
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Iso 9001 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Quality Awareness

PurposeWhile ISO 9001 standard certification is approaching saturation in developed countries, other nations are still struggling with the implementation of ISO 9001. This study provides insights into countries with a very low number of registered certifications to understand the reasons behind the limited implementations, more particularly using evidence from Yemen. The objective of the study is to assess: the awareness, understanding, motivations, barriers and the benefits of implementing ISO 9001.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted to measure awareness levels, understanding, driving factors, barriers and the benefits of ISO 9001. Data collection was carried out through the classification of targeted firms into two separate categories, certified and noncertified organizations. The classification of firms was conducted to enrich the understanding from two different perspectives. A total of 72 responses, from companies ranging in size from large to small, and in both the private and public sectors, were analyzed using the descriptive and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA).FindingsThe data analysis showed that the limited implementation of ISO 9001 certifications could be due to several internal and external factors such as the relatively low awareness level of the certification and guidelines, and the inconsistency of understanding the certification purpose. The benefits focused solely on improving the quality of systems efficiency and increasing quality awareness, and not on internationalization.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this work provide the groundwork for decision-makers to understand the drivers and challenges of ISO 9001 to plan corrective actions and contribute to promote and increase the number of certified organizations in similar countries and economies. While the data in this study were collected in the context of one country, the methodology and framework used in this study can be utilized by other researchers to collect data in similar countries with a low number of ISO 9001 certifications.Originality/valueThis research is one of the very few that addresses the limited implementation of ISO 9001 in the Middle East and North Africa region and Yemen in particular.

scholarly journals Study on the Classification of Forestry Infrastructure from the Perspective of Supply Based on the Classical Quartering Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Zhang ◽  
Jingyi Zhang ◽  
Lixiu Zhang ◽  
Chengliang Wu ◽  
Yang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Club Goods ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
Production Ecology ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
Forestry Production

Abstract Complete forestry infrastructure is the material basis for the realization of forestry production, ecology, and social functions. In order to clarify the scope of duties of forest infrastructure suppliers, this paper analyzes the characteristics of forestry infrastructure from the perspective of main suppliers, and summarizes forestry infrastructure as a material engineering facility that provides public services for forestry production, forestry economics, and social and ecological functions. The classical quartering method of goods was used to classify forestry infrastructure, which is divided into four categories: private goods, crowded public goods, club goods, and pure public goods.

Defending Competition and Promoting Sustainable Development: Possibilities for Harmonization

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-70
Author(s):  
Natalia Pavlova ◽  
Anastasiya Baoulina ◽  
Andrey Shastitko
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Antitrust Law ◽  
Type I Errors ◽  
Positive Externalities

The compatibility between the priorities of industrial policy, aimed at promoting sustainable development, and competition defense by means of antitrust law remains a question open for discussion. The paper demonstrates that it is the institutional environment that defines which characteristics of ecological externalities influence the possibility of accounting for these externalities by market players and regulators in the specific case of cooperation agreements between competitors. It is shown that positive externalities having the characteristics of public goods may be taken into account only in a limited way, which can lead to type I errors by antitrust authorities when determining the legality of horizontal agreements.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATIZATION OF BANKS BY BUSINESS MODELS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (37) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
V. Rudevska ◽  
N. Shvetz ◽  
O. Storozhenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Banking institutions are subject to change in the business model depending on external conditions, which may be due to changes in market needs and changes in the competitive environment or regulation. Depending on the business model of banks, they may react differently to the influence of external and internal factors. This situation in the future may lead to changes in the business architecture of the banking sector and  affect the country's economic growth. The article considers the approaches to the classification of banks by business models, a critical analysis of existing approaches to the classification of banks in terms of business models. A study of the systematization and classification of banks by business models found that existing approaches to classification are quite fragmentary and insufficiently expanded. The author's systematization and generalization of existing in world practice theoretical approaches to the classification of types of business models of banks, allowed to justify the author's classification of banks by their business models, which includes new classification features, including historical background and development of the institutional environment. economic processes in the state and the vector of economic growth, introduction of innovations and information technologies, range of banking products and services, development of branch network. The approach proposed in the article, in contrast to the existing ones, is comprehensive and will help the bank to choose the most optimal and effective business model that will fully take into account the impact of modern business conditions. The expanded classification that could be used at the local and international levels will harmonize the general approach, which is constantly being harmonized and regularly updated, taking into account the changing landscape of the banking sector. Keywords: bank, business model of the bank, classification of banks, cluster of banks, criteria for classification of business models. JEL Classification: G210,G20 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.:1 ; bibl.: 16.

Spatial Public Goods: 2. Applications

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Y Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Local Public Goods ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The City

This is the second of a two-part series of papers dealing with public goods in a spatial context. Based on the model developed in the first part, the purpose here is to order and to connect some of the main issues which appear frequently in the existing literature. The paper begins with a classification of public goods including clubs, urban contact fields, pure and local public goods, and agora models. Then, some aspects of the problem of partitioning urban land between private and public use, and some aspects of public finance, are examined. The series closes with some aggregate relationships which are bound to characterize the city at its optimum.

scholarly journals Quality of life as an indicator of public management performance in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 184 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 133-153
Author(s):  
Aibota Rakhmetova ◽  
◽  
Yeraly Budeshov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
State Management ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Republic

We examine quality of life issues in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on systematization of theoretical approaches to the definition of a concept and structure of living standards found in scientific literature and their critical analysis, we have identified and justified the fundamental structural blocks of the quality of life as a complex aggregate indicator reflecting the level of development of many areas of a modern person’s life together affecting the degree of his or her life activity’s efficiency. Using an extensive range of statistical data and tools of economic and mathematical modeling, we aim to identify the degree of influence of macroeconomic indicators that characterize certain areas of human life (healthcare, education, living conditions, security, income level, etc.) on living standards. Given the above, the central hypothesis of this study is that public management of the quality of life in the Republic of Kazakhstan can be more effective if it provides a scientifically grounded system of tools based on the assessment of the quality of life which takes into account both regional and industry specifics, feedback from the population as a recipient of public services, and is based on the principle of integration and consistency of state body management decisions. Results we have obtained imply the existence of a correlation between such quantitative indicators as natural growth, a number of pension recipients, the Gini coefficient and the quality of life index determined by qualitative indicators: general life satisfaction of the population and the level of perception of happiness. Results of the study confirm current trends in the socio-economic development of Kazakhstan, characterized by income inequality issues in both intersectoral and interregional sections, aggravated against the background of the global pandemic threat, the recession of a prolonged nature, and other external shocks and challenges. Based on the results obtained, the authors conclude that the key causes of socio-economic differentiation in Kazakhstan are associated with a weak institutional environment and weak performance of formal institutions. The quality of institutions impacts the process of socio-economic development in a creative way, including through the formation of an appropriate institutional environment regulating the entire set of socio-economic relations. This circumstance emphasizes the priority of challenges state management bodies face in the context of improving the existing institutional environment, which allows determination of rational behavior boundaries for people and economic entities to optimize and stabilize the socio-economic development of the state as a whole. We have developed and proposed a number of suggestions and recommendations for improving the existing institutional environment and the system of state management, practical implementation of which should reduce the existing large gap in income levels as the main factor of living standards in Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review for Cognitive State-Based QoE/UX Evaluation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3439
Author(s):  
Edgar Bañuelos-Lozoya ◽  
Gabriel González-Serna ◽  
Nimrod González-Franco ◽  
Olivia Fragoso-Diaz ◽  
Noé Castro-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship

Traditional evaluation of user experience is subjective by nature, for what is sought is to use data from physiological and behavioral sensors to interpret the relationship that the user’s cognitive states have with the elements of a graphical interface and interaction mechanisms. This study presents the systematic review that was developed to determine the cognitive states that are being investigated in the context of Quality of Experience (QoE)/User Experience (UX) evaluation, as well as the signals and characteristics obtained, machine learning models used, evaluation architectures proposed, and the results achieved. Twenty-nine papers published in 2014–2019 were selected from eight online sources of information, of which 24% were related to the classification of cognitive states, 17% described evaluation architectures, and 41% presented correlations between different signals, cognitive states, and QoE/UX metrics, among others. The amount of identified studies was low in comparison with cognitive state research in other contexts, such as driving or other critical activities; however, this provides a starting point to analyze and interpret states such as mental workload, confusion, and mental stress from various human signals and propose more robust QoE/UX evaluation architectures.

Can trust become a factor of economic growth? Dynamic changes in the level of trust of Russian youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Bakhtigaraeva ◽  
A. A. Stavinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Future ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics

The article considers the role of trust in the economy, the mechanisms of its accumulation and the possibility of using it as one of the growth factors in the future. The advantages and disadvantages of measuring the level of generalized trust using two alternative questions — about trusting people in general and trusting strangers — are analyzed. The results of the analysis of dynamics of the level of generalized trust among Russian youth, obtained within the study of the Institute for National Projects in 10 regions of Russia, are presented. It is shown that there are no significant changes in trust in people in general during the study at university. At the same time, the level of trust in strangers falls, which can negatively affect the level of trust in the country as a whole, and as a result have negative effects on the development of the economy in the future. Possible causes of the observed trends and the role of universities are discussed. Also the question about the connection between the level of education and generalized trust in countries with different quality of the institutional environment is raised.

Dynamics of the processes in metal machining

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Donatas Švitra ◽  
Jolanta Janutėnienė
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Metal Cutting Machine ◽  
Cutting Machine ◽  
Metal Machining

In the practice of processing of metals by cutting it is necessary to overcome the vibration of the cutting tool, the processed detail and units of the machine tool. These vibrations in many cases are an obstacle to increase the productivity and quality of treatment of details on metal-cutting machine tools. Vibration at cutting of metals is a very diverse phenomenon due to both it’s nature and the form of oscillatory motion. The most general classification of vibrations at cutting is a division them into forced vibration and autovibrations. The most difficult to remove and poorly investigated are the autovibrations, i.e. vibrations arising at the absence of external periodic forces. The autovibrations, stipulated by the process of cutting on metalcutting machine are of two types: the low-frequency autovibrations and high-frequency autovibrations. When the low-frequency autovibration there appear, the cutting process ought to be terminated and the cause of the vibrations eliminated. Otherwise, there is a danger of a break of both machine and tool. In the case of high-frequency vibration the machine operates apparently quiently, but the processed surface feature small-sized roughness. The frequency of autovibrations can reach 5000 Hz and more.

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