scholarly journals Issues of research ethics and clinical ethics in developing world, possible solution: a way forward

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waseem Khan ◽  
Imrana Niaz Sultana ◽  
Afrasiab Khan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
Study Participants

Research plays a pivotal role in the progress of inventions in medicines and medical technology. It is noticed that researchers from developing world or multinational companies are interested to conduct their research studies in developing countries, in doing so sometimes it is noticed that rather benefiting the participants it causes significant harm to the research study participants of developing countries. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human subjects. In research ethics the basic aim of ethics is distinguishing between right and wrong, to recognize the wrong doings and try to avoid them from harming research subjects in any research study whether that is done in developing country or developed country. It must follow the principle of non malefiecence or do no harm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i3.12559 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(3):12-15

Research Ethics in Victimization Studies

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1489-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Clark ◽  
Robert Walker
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Research Publication ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Unethical Conduct ◽  
Victims Of Violence ◽  
Study Participants

Research ethics, especially the protection of research study participants, has been an enduring concern of investigators and scholars of victims of violence. Previous work has analyzed the overt and hidden risks of harm to study participants through poorly designed and implemented protocols, cross-cultural insensitivity, unjust exclusion of certain victim types, and neglect to ensure safety of research staff. This article extends this work by calling for greater attention to exploiting participants and victims as a class of persons. The need for this wider view derives from concern about the academic research environment with its emphasis on research, publication, and extramural funding. The authors argue that compliance with federal regulations and IRB directives is necessary but insufficient to conduct truly ethical research. Recognition of the unique pressures that researchers face in the context of the economically competitive university is required to delineate and manage exploitation risks. Such pressures have sometimes led to the rush from print to practices and policies with unintended harmful results for victims of violence as a class of persons. The authors suggest a number of strategies for researchers to define and manage the dangers of engaging in this type of unethical conduct.

Medical Research Ethics: What We Need to Comply When Obtaining Informed Consent from Human Subjects?

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
CSK Tay
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Medical Research Ethics

Patient safety and well-being are very important to safeguard in medical research. A subject's life cannot be sacrificed for the benefits of future mankind, as medical ethics of autonomy dictate the respect of an individual. By reference to the Declaration of Helsinki, this article discusses the ethical principles and processes in obtaining a valid and proper informed consent from the research subjects who should freely consent and voluntarily participate in the clinical research, including the ‘contents’ of the informed consent and the ‘skills’ of obtaining informed consent.

Are research ethics guidelines culturally competent?

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Gray ◽  
Jo Hilder ◽  
Lindsay Macdonald ◽  
Rachel Tester ◽  
Anthony Dowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Research Ethics Guidelines

Research ethics guidelines grew out of several infamous episodes where research subjects were exploited. There is significant international synchronization of guidelines. However, indigenous groups in New Zealand, Canada and Australia have criticized these guidelines as being inadequate for research involving indigenous people and have developed guidelines from their own cultural perspectives. Whilst traditional research ethics guidelines place a lot of emphasis on informed consent, these indigenous guidelines put much greater emphasis on interdependence and trust. This article argues that traditional guidelines are premised on relationships of equal power, and that often the researcher has more power that is not fully equalized by providing information. Where there is a relationship of unequal power, then focusing on interdependence and trust is more likely to achieve ethical safety. We illustrate this thesis by describing the detail of a research project looking at the use of interpreters, where we video-recorded live consultations and then interviewed the patient, interpreter and doctor. We conclude by suggesting that mainstream research ethics guidelines should pay more attention to the development of a trustworthy relationship between subject and researcher, and that, following the lead from clinical medicine, we should develop a culturally competent ethical framework for research on human subjects.

scholarly journals Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging: Ethical and Medicolegal Considerations

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Leung
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Incidental Findings ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Basic Sciences ◽  
General Duty ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Do No Harm

With the rapid advances in neurosciences in the last three decades, there has been an exponential increase in the use of neuroimaging both in basic sciences and clinical research involving human subjects. During routine neuroimaging, incidental findings that are not part of the protocol or scope of research agenda can occur and they often pose a challenge as to how they should be handled to abide by the medicolegal principles of research ethics. This paper reviews the issue from various ethical (do no harm, general duty to rescue, and mutual benefits and owing) and medicolegal perspectives (legal liability, fiduciary duties, Law of Tort, and Law of Contract) with a suggested protocol of approach.

scholarly journals Research Ethics 101: Dilemmas and Responsibilities

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (04) ◽  
pp. 717-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Extended Time ◽  
Discrete Task ◽  
Procedural Ethics ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractThe emphasis in political science on procedural ethics has led to a neglect of how researchers should consider and treat study participants, from design to publication stage. This article corrects this oversight and calls for a sustained discussion of research ethics across the discipline. The article's core argument is twofold: that ethics should matter to everyone, not just those who spend extended time in the field; and that ethics is an ongoing responsibility, not a discrete task to be checked off a “to do” list. Ethics matter in all types of political science research because most political science involves “human subjects.” Producers and consumers of political science research need to contemplate the ambiguous and oftentimes uncomfortable dimensions of research ethics, lest we create a discipline that is “nonethical,” or worse, unethical.

Future growth in biotechnology in the developing countries

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1042-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Riazuddin ◽  
Anwar Nasim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Local Setting ◽  
The People ◽  
Regional Basis

Conditions in developing countries are nowhere near what they should be to reap the benefits of modern biotechnology. Be that as it may, there are possibilities in which intelligent thinking and rational planning by the people concerned, combined with input from international agencies and national centres of excellence, can lead to potential economic gains. One possibility is the establishment of collaborative research on a regional basis to tackle common problems and to train each other's manpower in acquired skills. Similarity of circumstances would make these programmes more relevant and cost effective. To ensure the success of joint programmes in the local setting, foreign input in the form of finances, provision of critical laboratory materials, and expert advice in the selection of technically solvable problems becomes inevitable. Thus participation by the developed-country agencies and laboratories in the developing countries presents a purposeful pooling of efforts that will sow the seeds for sustainable development of the developing world. Given that, new technology would prove a boon and a blessing for humanity in general and for the developing world in particular.Key words: biotechnology, developing countries.

The Importance of Being Defunct (Presidential Address)

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 211-234
Author(s):  
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Development Economics ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Founding Fathers

For development economists these arc the days of great expectations. Development economics as a discipline, born only three decades ago, has come to stay, notwithstanding the threats to its existence issued openly by such friends as Schultz [63], Bauer [2], Little [44], and Lal [39]. New theoretical constructs have been devised and novel empirical studies done to comprehend better the forces of change in developing countries. While of late there may not have been great festivity in the realm of ideas, the force of circumstances has widened the problem canvas of development economics and has opened up new vistas for economists to explore- much beyond the expectations of its founding fathers. Also notwithstanding the great diversity in the experience of individual countries, development economists may legitimately draw some comfort from the thought that their ideas have changed the developing world for the better.

Teaching About Systemic Ethical Misconduct Increases Awareness of Ethical Principles: A Replication and Extension of Grose-Fifer’s (2017) Tuskegee Role-Play Activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 009862832110159
Author(s):  
Maya C. Rose ◽  
Jessica E. Brodsky ◽  
Elizabeth S. Che ◽  
Patricia J. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Play Activity ◽  
Ethics Instruction ◽  
Ethical Misconduct ◽  
Unethical Research ◽  
Human Subjects Protections

Background: Introductory Psychology students rarely learn about unethical biomedical research outside the Tuskegee syphilis study, but these practices were widespread in U.S. public health research (e.g., at the Willowbrook State School researchers infected children with disabilities with hepatitis). Objectives: Replicate and extend Grose-Fifer’s research ethics activity by evaluating if an online homework and in-class role-play increased awareness of unethical research and abuses at Tuskegee (replication) and Willowbrook (extension) and subsequent changes in human subjects protections. Method: As homework, students read about the studies and wrote statements from perspectives of individuals involved. In class, students read their statements and discussed how outrage led to research conduct regulations. Online pre/posttests asked students why it was important to learn about both studies. Results: At posttest, students were more aware of unethical research at Willowbrook and that Tuskegee led to changes in human subjects protections. Students who completed the role-play activity were less likely to mention abuses for Tuskegee than students who did not participate. Conclusion: We were partially successful in replicating and extending Grose-Fifer. Teaching Implications: Research ethics instruction should draw attention to historical precedents and how public outrage and social activism led to increased protections for research participants.

scholarly journals Forward Rate Bias in Developed and Developing Countries: More Risky Not Less Rational

Econometrics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Michael D. Goldberg ◽  
Olesia Kozlova ◽  
Deniz Ozabaci
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forward Rate ◽  
Currency Markets ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Slope Coefficient ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Widespread View ◽  
Shed Light

This paper examines the stability of the Bilson–Fama regression for a panel of 55 developed and developing countries. We find multiple break points for nearly every country in our panel. Subperiod estimates of the slope coefficient show a negative bias during some time periods and a positive bias during other time periods in nearly every country. The subperiod biases display two key patterns that shed light on the literature’s linear regression findings. The results point toward the importance of risk in currency markets. We find that risk is greater for developed country markets. The evidence undercuts the widespread view that currency returns are predictable or that developed country markets are less rational.

The Ancillary-Care Responsibilities of Researchers: Reasonable but Not Great Expectations

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Brownsword
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
Ancillary Care ◽  
New Treatment

It is axiomatic that the first responsibility of researchers, whether they are working in the developed or the developing world, is to (strive to) do no harm to those who participate in their studies or trials. However, on neither side of the Atlantic is there any such settled view with regard to the responsibility of researchers to attend to the ancillary-care needs of their participants – that is, a responsibility to advise or assist participants who have medical condition X in circumstances where the research concerns medical condition Y, and the research did not contribute to the presence of condition X in participants, nor did the having of condition X contribute to the research. Consider, for example, the following hypothetical posed by Leah Belsky and Henry Richardson:Researchers testing a new treatment for tuberculosis in a developing country discover some patients have HIV infection. Do they have a responsibility to provide antiretroviral drugs?

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document