Housing in the Latin American City, 1900–1976

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Yee
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Housing has been a central feature of Latin America’s dramatic transformation into the most urbanized region of the world. Between 1940 and 1970, the portion of people who lived in urban areas rose from 33 percent to 64 percent; a seismic shift that caused severe housing deficits, overcrowding, and sprawl in Latin America’s major cities. After the Second World War, these urban slums became a symbol of underdevelopment and a target for state-led modernization projects. At a time when Cold War tensions were escalating throughout the world, the region’s housing problems also became more politicized through a network of foreign aid agencies. These overlapping factors illustrate how the history of local housing programs were bound up with broader hemispheric debates over economic development and the role of the nation-state in social affairs. The history of urban housing in 20th-century Latin America can be divided into three distinct periods. The first encompasses the beginning of the 20th century, when issues of housing in the central-city districts were primarily viewed through the lens of public health. Leading scientists, city planners, psychiatrists, and political figures drew strong connections between the sanitary conditions of private domiciles and the social behavior of their residents in public spaces. After the Second World War, urban housing became a proving ground for popular ideas in the social sciences that stressed industrialization and technological modernization as the way forward for the developing world. In this second period, mass housing was defined by a central tension: the promotion of modernist housing complexes versus self-help housing—a process in which residents build their own homes with limited assistance from the state. By the 1970s, the balance had shifted from modernist projects to self-help housing, a development powerfully demonstrated by the 1976 United Nations (UN) Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat I). This seminal UN forum marked a transitional moment when the concepts of self-help community development were formally adopted by emergent, neo-liberal economists and international aid agencies.

scholarly journals The War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sukhodolov ◽  
Tuvd Dorj ◽  
Yuriy Kuzmin ◽  
Mikhail Rachkov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Second World

For the first time in Russian historiography, the article draws attention to the connection of the War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939. For a long time, historical science considered these two major events in the history of the USSR and history of the world individually, without their historic relationship. The authors made an attempt to provide evidence of this relationship, showing the role that surrounding and defeating the Japanese army at Khalkhin Gol in August 1939 and signing in Moscow of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact played in the history of the world. The study analyzes the foreign policy of the USSR in Europe, the reasons for the failure in the conclusion of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet military union in 1939 and the circumstances of the Pact. It shows the interrelation between the defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol and the need for the Soviet-German treaty. The authors describe the historic consequences of the conclusion of the pact for the further development of the Japanese-German relations and the course of the Second World War. They also present the characteristics of the views of these historical events in the Russian historiography.

An Unexpected Path to Modernisation: The Case of German Artisans during the Second World War

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Mckitrick
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

On 10 July 1950, at the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Wiesbaden Chamber of Artisans (Handwerkskammer), its president Karl Schöppler announced: ‘Today industry is in no way the enemy of Handwerk. Handwerk is not the enemy of industry.…’ These words, which accurately reflected the predominant point of view of the post-war chamber membership, and certainly of its politically influential leadership, marked a new era in the social, economic and political history of German artisans and, it is not too much to say, in the history of class relations in (West) Germany in general. Schöppler's immediate frame of reference was the long-standing and extremely consequential antipathy on the part of artisans towards industrial capitalism, an antipathy of which his listeners were well aware.

Neo-Malthusians, Eugenists, and the Declining Birth-Rate in England, 1900-1918

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Allen Soloway
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
World War ◽  
Education Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Birth Control Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Recent studies of the social history of birth control in America have noted the importance of eugenics in securing the acceptance of family planning between the two world wars. Similarly in England the endorsement of contraception as a method of “race improvement” by eugenists in the scientific, medical, academic and ecclesiastical communities greatly enhanced the credence and respectability of the birth control movement. In the anti-racist, genetically more sophisticated climate since the Second World War it is often forgotten how pervasive eugenic assumptions about human inheritance were in learned and socially elevated circles in the early twentieth century. Belief in the inheritability of myriad physical, psychological and behavioral characteristics, identifiable, even quantifiable, in particular ethnic groups and social classes was reinforced by expert scientific testimony, and, perhaps equally important, middle and upper class prejudices.Birth control leaders, whose respectability was always in some doubt, were for the most part no exception and readily mingled with the estimable worthies who adorned the ranks of the elitist Eugenics Education Society founded in 1907. Several officers of the old Malthusian League, including its last president, Charles Vickery Drysdale, and his wife, Bessie, were early if troublesome recruits to the Society, while Marie Stopes, the most dynamic promoter of birth control in England in the inter-war years, joined in 1912, and eventually became a Life Fellow who left the organization a financial legacy, her famous clinic and much of her library, upon her death in 1958.

The International Institute of Administrative Sciences: main stages of its history

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-215
Author(s):  
Denis Moschopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
International Institute ◽  
World War ◽  
Permanent Commission ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Second World

The article reviews the major moments in the history of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences from the year of its establishment (1930) to the present. Additionally, it provides information on the 1910-30 period during which the Permanent Commission for International Congresses in Administrative Sciences operated. More specifically, the article presents the main themes addressed by the international congresses, round tables and conferences organized by the previously mentioned Commission in the beginning, and by the Institute after 1930. Attention is given to the Institutés ‘internationalization’ during the post Second World War period. The Institutés international vocation was demonstrated by the participation of member states and national sections from all over the world, as well as by the development of cooperation with international and supranational organizations. Finally, the Institutés scientific methods and techniques during the 20th century are presented.

Back to the Origins: The Tragic History of the Szekler Sabbatarians

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-585
Author(s):  
Gábor Győrffy ◽  
Zoltán Tibori-Szabó ◽  
Júlia-Réka Vallasek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Institutional Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Detailed Presentation

Sabbatarians were the only proselyte religious community that had an official institutional form in nineteenth-century Europe. This study aims to present the history and gradual disintegration of the Sabbatarian community and their acceptance of a common fate with Transylvanian Jewry during the Second World War. This is realized by, first, outlining the historical context of the formation of Sabbatarianism; second, by describing the social and political circumstances of Transylvanian Jews in the first half of the twentieth century; and third, by giving a detailed presentation of the 1944 deportations and other related events.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy in Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Marks
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Psychotherapy was an invention of European modernity, but as the 20th century unfolded, and we trace how it crossed national and continental borders, its goals and the particular techniques by which it operated become harder to pin down. This introduction briefly draws together the historical literature on psychotherapy in Europe, asking comparative questions about the role of location and culture, and networks of transmission and transformation. It introduces the six articles in this special issue on Greece, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Russia, Britain and Sweden as well as its parallel special issue of History of Psychology on ‘Psychotherapy in the Americas’. It traces what these articles tell us about how therapeutic developments were entangled with the dramatic, and often traumatic, political events across the continent: in the wake of the Second World War, the emergence of Communist and authoritarian regimes, the establishment of welfare states and the advance of neoliberalism.

scholarly journals Tourism Development in Upper Manang Valley of Annapurna Region

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhim P Subedi ◽  
Prem Sagar Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Natural Beauty ◽  
The World ◽  
Second World

The Context: People have traveled throughout history as they have moved from one place to another for various reasons. However, as a business and as guided by individual and group’s voluntary activity, it flourished after the second half of the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Nepal followed a similar pattern as it was opened for outsiders only after 1950. Since then Nepal’s natural beauty within various ecological zones and its rich cultural heritage have attracted large number of tourists annually from around the world and particularly from Western Europe. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ntdr.v1i1.7370 Nepal Tourism and Development Review Vol.1(1) 2011 56-68

scholarly journals PENERAPAN MATERIAL KACA DALAM ARSITEKTUR

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lestari . ◽  
Muhammad Ridha Alhamdani
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Technical Properties ◽  
Second World ◽  
Glass Properties

Kaca telah dikenal sejak ribuan tahun dan merupakan bahan buatan manusia yang cukup tua. Penggunaannya sebagai bahan bangunan meluas sejak abad ke 17 terutama setelah perang dunia kedua.  Arsitektur kaca menjadi suatu kecenderungan dari desain-desain bangunan di dunia sejak abad ke-20. Material ini dianggap sangat relevan dengan konsep-konsep yang ada. Kaca digunakan sebagai material ornamen, bukaan atau jendela, material kulit  bangunan,  sampai pada material struktur  bangunan. Sifat kaca yang transparan,  simple, dan bersih menjadikan material ini menguntungkan untuk mendukung konsep yang digunakan. Tulisan ini memaparkan penggunaan kaca sebagai bahan bangunan, baik sebagai bahan ornamen, kulit bangunan atau struktur bangunan, maupun sebagai pendukung konsep arsitektur khususnya konsep transparansi. Dipaparkan pula mengenai sifat-sifat teknis dari bahan kaca sebagai pertimbangan dalam pemilihan bahan bangunan. Glass has been known for thousands of years and is a man made material  that is quite old. Extends its use as building material since the 17 century, especially after the second world war. Glass architecture become a trend of buiding designs in the world since 20th century. This material relevant to the existing concepts. Glass is used as an ornament material, window, the building skin materials, and the building structure materials. Glass  properties that transparent, simple and clean make this material support the concepts used. This paper describes the use of glass as a building material, either as a ornament, the building skins, the building structures, and the building concepts expecially transparency concept. This paper also present the technical properties of glass as a building material

scholarly journals A videóinterjús tanórák hatásai a II. világháború középiskolai történelemoktatásában

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-99
Author(s):  
Benjámin Dávid
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classroom Education ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military ◽  
Second World

The societies of the countries underwent many difficulties during the history of the 20th century. During World War II, in addition to the military loss of the country, there was a significant loss of civilian population. Due to the changed political circumstances after the war, the processing of these events at the individual, community, and social levels didn’t take place. The research of the MTA–SZTE Oral History and History Education Research Team (2016– 2020) focuses on how to include video interview details with people who have experienced the turning points in the Hungarian history of the 20th century and how to include them in classroom education. Concerning these the classes supplemented with a video details undergoes appropriate (subject-pedagogical) methodological preparation. In my study I examine that Hungary’s participation in the Second World War working group working within a research group how well the classes compiled, supplemented by life-course interviews, attracted the attention of the students, helped them understand the curriculum and its contexts, and what conveyed values to the students.

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