scholarly journals Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus antibodies in goats and cattle of the Saint Martin’s Island in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
MSI Siddiqui ◽  
A Ahasan ◽  
N Islam ◽  
P Kundu ◽  
MN Munshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Saint Martin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Serum Antibody Titre ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious acute viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants particularly goats and sheep, which causes severe economic losses. Since 1993 PPR has been endemic in goats in Bangladesh. The present study was a seroprevalence study of PPR antibodies in goats and cattle at St. Martin's Island in Bangladesh from July 2012 to June 2013. There was no previous history of Rinderpest or PPR outbreak, and no Rinderpest vaccination. Blood samples were collected from 192 goats and 132 cattle randomly. All animals were apparently healthy, and were not vaccinated against Rinderpest or PPR. Serum antibody titre (competition percentage; CP value) was determined by a commercially available c-ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence of PPR in goats was 37.5%. No serum samples from cattle were positive. In view of the high risk of PPR, a control strategy is proposed.Bangl. vet. 2014. Vol. 31, No. 2, 55-59

scholarly journals Sheep Brucellosis in Kuwait: A Large-Scale Serosurvey, Identification of Brucella Species and Zoonotic Significance

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Al-Sherida ◽  
Adel H. El-Gohary ◽  
Amro Mohamed ◽  
Mohamed El-Diasty ◽  
Gamal Wareth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Combined Action

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease of major concern in humans of Kuwait, and B. melitensis causes most human cases. The disease is endemic in small ruminants, cattle, and camels for decades, causing substantial economic losses in livestock production. However, a nationwide large-scale investigation of brucellosis in the small ruminant population has not been done in the past two decades. A serosurvey of sheep brucellosis in the five districts of Kuwait with most animal production farms was done between 2016 and 2019. In total, 67,054 serum samples from 233 sheep herds were collected and tested. Additionally, milk and tissue samples were collected from 46 seropositive cases for bacteriology. Thirty persons from seven seropositive farms were tested by serology. The incidence of seropositive cases was 7% in districts devoid of vaccination, while it was 4.7% in farms with history of vaccination. The serosurvey revealed that 89% of non-vaccinated herds (n = 181) were seropositive by Rose Bengal test (RBT), buffered acidified plate antigen test (BAPAT), and complement fixation test (CFT). Prevalence of 100% was reported for non-vaccinated sheep herds from Al-Wafrah and Al-Jahra districts, followed by those from Al-Salmi (88.24%), Al-Abdali (86.7%) and Kabd (75.6%). Implementation of vaccination with B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccine and test-and-slaughters in 20 herds reduced the seroprevalence to 33.3% and 25% in herds from Al-Jahra and AL-Wafrah, respectively. B. melitensis was isolated from 20 samples (43.5%). More than half of the examined animal owners (56.6%) tested positive for Brucella using RBT, BAPAT and CFT. The high numbers of infected herds and high prevalence in herdsmen are alarming. Thus, control measures have to be ensured immediately. The epidemiological situation in Kuwait is similar to those of the neighboring countries and the combined action of these states is needed. The understanding of the economic and public health impact of brucellosis in Kuwait needs to grow.

Human Serum Bilirubin

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E O'Hagan ◽  
Teresa Hamilton ◽  
E G Le Breton ◽  
A E Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Free Serum ◽  
High Bilirubin ◽  
Definite Correlation ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract The technic of Powell (3) for the estimation of serum bilirubin has been modified by reading the optical density of the solutions shortly after mixing the reagents and using a standard based on a more appropriate solution of crystalline bilirubin in pigment-free serum. Seven specimens of bilirubin were examined spectrophotometric-ally; the disproportionality of the millimolar extinction coefficients at 453 mµ for the free-bilirubin and at 532 mµ for, the azobilirubin complex indicated the presence of an unreactive yellow pigment. The destructive effect of sunlight on solutions of biirubin, noted in the literature, was confirmed, hence all estimations were done without delay or exposure to light for any length of time. The results obtained on apparently healthy blood donors, to detect possible carriers of homologous serum hepatitis, revealed no definite correlation between previous history of jaundice and increased serum bilirubin values, but as a precautionary measure individuals with values above 1.5 mg. per 100 ml. were not accepted as donors. When 200 random values were plotted, the distribution curves gave a mean value higher for males than females. Furthermore, 108 donors (among the 25,000 screened) had biirubin values greater than 1.5 mg. per 100 ml. The eleven females of the group did not maintain high values, while 30 males recorded high values on more than one occasion, some consistently. No significant correlation was found between high bilirubin values and a previous history of jaundice, nor were any cases of posttrans-fusion hepatitis traced to these donors. Somewhat arbitrarily, 1.5 mg. per 100 ml. was chosen as the upper limit of normal.

scholarly journals Effective inactivation of nipah virus in serum samples for safe processing in low-containment laboratories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumpei Watanabe ◽  
Shuetsu Fukushi ◽  
Toshihiko Harada ◽  
Masayuki Shimojima ◽  
Tomoki Yoshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Optimized Protocol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Biosafety Level ◽  
Local Laboratory

Abstract Background Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory disease with a high mortality rate in humans. During large outbreaks of the viral disease, serological testing of serum samples could be a useful diagnostic tool, which could provide information on not only the diagnosis of NiV disease but also the history of an individual with previous exposure to the virus, thereby supporting disease control. Therefore, an efficient method for the inactivation of NiV in serum samples is required for serological diagnosis. Methods We determined the optimal conditions for the inactivation of NiV infectivity in human serum using heating and UV treatment. The inactivation method comprised UV irradiation with a cover of aluminum foil for 30 min and heating at 56 °C for 30 min. Results With an optimized protocol for virus inactivation, NiV infectivity in serum samples (containing 6.4 × 105 TCID50) was completely inactivated. Conclusions We developed a recommended protocol for the effective inactivation of NiV. This protocol would enable a regional or local laboratory to safely transport or process samples, including NiV, for serological testing in its biosafety level-2 facility.

scholarly journals Effective inactivation of Nipah virus in serum samples for safe processing in low-containment laboratories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumpei Watanabe ◽  
Shuetsu Fukushi ◽  
Toshihiko Harada ◽  
Masayuki Shimojima ◽  
Tomoki Yoshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Optimized Protocol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Biosafety Level ◽  
Local Laboratory

Abstract Background: Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory disease with a high mortality rate in humans. During large outbreaks of the viral disease, serological testing of serum samples could be a useful diagnostic tool, which could provide information on not only the diagnosis of NiV disease but also the history of an individual with previous exposure to the virus, thereby supporting disease control. Therefore, an efficient method for the inactivation of NiV in serum samples is required for serological diagnosis. Methods: We determined the optimal conditions for the inactivation of NiV infectivity in human serum using heating and UV treatment. The inactivation method comprised UV irradiation with a cover of aluminum foil for 30 min and heating at 56°C for 30 min. Results: With an optimized protocol for virus inactivation, NiV infectivity in serum samples (containing 6.0 ×10 5 TCID 50 ) was completely inactivated. Conclusions: We developed a recommended protocol for the effective inactivation of NiV. This protocol would enable a regional or local laboratory to safely transport or process samples, including NiV, for serological testing in its biosafety level-2 facility.

scholarly journals Effective inactivation of Nipah virus in serum samples for safe processing in low-containment laboratories

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumpei Watanabe ◽  
Shuetsu Fukushi ◽  
Toshihiko Harada ◽  
Masayuki Shimojima ◽  
Tomoki Yoshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Optimized Protocol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Biosafety Level ◽  
Local Laboratory

Abstract Background Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory disease with a high mortality rate in humans. During large outbreaks of the viral disease, serological testing of serum samples could be a useful diagnostic tool, which could provide information on not only the diagnosis of NiV disease but also the history of an individual with previous exposure to the virus, thereby supporting disease control. Therefore, an efficient method for the inactivation of NiV in serum samples is required for serological diagnosis. Methods We determined the optimal conditions for the inactivation of NiV infectivity in human serum using heating and UV treatment. The inactivation method comprised UV irradiation with a cover of aluminum foil for 30 min and heating at 56 °C for 30 min. Results With an optimized protocol for virus inactivation, NiV infectivity in serum samples (containing 6.0 × 105 TCID50) was completely inactivated. Conclusions We developed a recommended protocol for the effective inactivation of NiV. This protocol would enable a regional or local laboratory to safely transport or process samples, including NiV, for serological testing in its biosafety level-2 facility.

scholarly journals Rapid Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang-Seuk Choi ◽  
Jin-Ju Nah ◽  
Young-Joon Ko ◽  
Shien-Young Kang ◽  
Nam-In Jo
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Rinderpest Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Relative Specificity

ABSTRACT Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious viral disease of small ruminants that is of economic importance in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. We developed a rapid competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rapid c-ELISA) for the diagnosis and surveillance of PPR. This assay detects PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies in serum samples by quantifying the amount of monoclonal antibody (MAb) P-3H12 after 30 min of incubation of a serum-MAb conjugate mixture on plates coated with a PPRV recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rPPRV-N). We tested 249 PPRV-positive serum samples and 733 PPRV-negative serum samples from field ruminants. The threshold of percent inhibition (PI) was determined to be <50 on the basis of the mean PI plus 3 standard deviations for sera from PPRV-negative ruminants. The relative specificity and sensitivity of the rapid c-ELISA were 98.5% (722 of 733 serum samples) and 93.4% (234 of 249 serum samples), respectively. The rapid c-ELISA sensitively detected PPRV antibodies in hyperimmune sera (virus neutralization test [VNT] titer, >512), even at dilutions ≥512 in normal goat serum, and as early as 6 to 13 days postinfection from 12 goats, each of which was infected with one of the four PPRV lineages. Hyperimmune sera from animals experimentally vaccinated with rinderpest virus gave positive results by the rapid c-ELISA when the rinderpest virus VNT titers were >512, although the rapid c-ELISA titers were very low (2 to 16). However, the rapid c-ELISA was negative when the rinderpest virus VNT titer was ≤128. The rapid c-ELISA developed in the present work provides a short turnaround time and could be a useful tool for the diagnosis of PPR and screening for PPRV in the field.

Case report and evaluation of the frequency of the prozone phenomenon in syphilis serology - an infrequent but important laboratory phenomenon

Sexual Health ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Post ◽  
Candice Khor ◽  
Virginia Furner ◽  
Don E. Smith ◽  
L. Ross Whybin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Previous History ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Secondary Syphilis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Reactive Sample ◽  
Assay Result ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prozone Phenomenon

Background Treponema pallidum specific serology generally remains reactive for life. Therefore, the diagnosis of syphilis reinfection relies on clinical assessment and nontreponemal (reagin) serologic testing. The prozone phenomenon can lead to a falsely nonreactive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) assay result. Methods: We report a case of secondary syphilis in a HIV infected patient with a previous history of syphilis infection, where a falsely nonreactive RPR assay was associated with a delayed diagnosis of reinfection and infectious syphilis. The prozone phenomenon was detected in several of the patient’s serum samples collected around this time. We subsequently undertook a prospective evaluation for the prozone phenomenon in 3222 consecutive sera, which were assayed using the RPR assay for clinical purposes over a 10-month period. Results: The overall rate of the prozone phenomenon was 2 out of 3222 samples (0.06%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02–0.22%) and the rate per reactive sample was 2 out of 397 (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.14–1.81%). Conclusion: Clinicians should request RPR testing at dilutions of sera when syphilis is suspected clinically and the RPR assay is nonreactive.

scholarly journals Detection of antibodies to peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in the semi-domesticated yak

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abubakar ◽  
Nosirjon Sattorov ◽  
Shumaila Manzoor ◽  
Ehtisham ul Haq Khan ◽  
Manzoor Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South Central ◽  
Large Ruminant

Abstract Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and acute viral disease of small ruminants. Occasionally, PPR can affect wildlife with devastating results, such as the recent outbreaks in Mongolian saiga. The yak (Bos grunniens and Bos mutus) is a large ruminant found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, the Tibetan Plateau and as far north as Mongolia and Russia. In Pakistan, yaks are confined to the high plateau of the Northern Areas, from Gilgit to the valley of Ladakh. In Tajikistan, yaks are present in districts in the north, east and southeast of the country. Commonly, yak intermingle with domestic animals during winter when mountainous summer pastures are covered with snow, and with wildlife during summer pastures. PPR is considered endemic in sheep and goats in Pakistan and Tajikistan. In this study, we investigated the potential presence of antibodies to peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) in yak populations using ELISA. A total of 250 (Pakistan) and 85 (Tajikistan) serum samples of healthy yaks were collected. None of the Tajik yaks were seropositive (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.0–4.2%), while 23 of 250 (9.2%; 95% CI 5.9–13.5%) yaks sampled in Pakistan were found positive. Whether PPRV is continuously circulating among yaks or seroconversion reflects spill-over from outbreaks of PPR in domestic animals remains unknown. Due to the herding practices, yak might transmit PPR from domestic to wild ruminants. Differences in contacts between yaks and domestic animals in Pakistan and Tajikistan, or the low sample size, could explain that no Tajik yaks were seropositive.

scholarly journals Development of an indirect ELISA for the detection of serum IgG antibodies against region IV of phase 1 flagellin of Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg in sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 1576-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyani Perera ◽  
Alan Murray
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Nickel Chelate ◽  
History Of

Region IV of phase 1 flagellin (FliC) of Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg (S. Brandenburg) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by nickel chelate affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant protein was evaluated for its suitability as an antigen in an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies in sheep sera. A cut-off value of 0.1 was calculated using 80 serum samples collected from sheep with no previous history of S. Brandenburg. In the present study we show the results of ELISA with field sera collected from 81 sheep naturally infected with S. Brandenburg. The assay was able to detect antibodies belonging to the IgG class with a sensitivity of 93.8 %. Thus, indirect ELISA might be a suitable screening tool for serological monitoring of sheep flocks infected with S. Brandenburg.

scholarly journals Serosurvey of peste des petits ruminants virus in small ruminants from different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Y. Woma ◽  
Pius S. Ekong ◽  
Dauda G. Bwala ◽  
John O. Ibu ◽  
Louisa Ta’ama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Peste des petits ruminants, caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), is a highly contagious and economically important transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants and a major hindrance to small-ruminant production in Nigeria. The seroprevalence and distribution of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in rural households, farms, live animal markets and slaughter slabs across the six different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria were determined. A total of 4548 serum samples from 3489 goats and 1059 sheep were collected in 12 states. A PPRV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the samples and the data analysed with R statistical software version 3.0.1. The study animals included all ages and both sexes. The overall prevalence estimate of sera positive for PPRV antibodies was 23.16% (n = 1018 positive samples per 4548 total samples, 95% confidence interval: 21.79% – 24.57%). There were significant differences in the seroprevalence between the states (p = 0.001). Taraba State had the highest seroprevalence of 29.51%, whilst the lowest seroprevalence of 14.52% was observed in Cross River State. There were no significant differences in the PPRV seroprevalence between male and female animals (p = 0.571), age (p = 0.323) and between species (p = 0.639). These data indicate the current seroprevalence to PPRV in the small-ruminant population in Nigeria.

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