scholarly journals Glucose status in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in different meningitic children in a hospital in Chittagong, Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Sharmistha Mitra ◽  
Robiul Hasan Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Arifuzzaman ◽  
Mohammad Sayedul Islam ◽  
Mahmood A Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Pyogenic Meningitis ◽  
Detailed Medical History ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High ◽  
Potential Tool ◽  
Glucose Status

Meningitis is referred to as an inflammatory process of the leptomeninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the sub-arachnoid space of the brain. We have investigated glucose status in CSF in different types of meningitis together with detailed medical history in children. In addition, we have also carried out the detailed cytological and microbiological examinations. A total of 40 subjects were investigated. We observed that the glucose level was significantly decreased (<20 mg/dl) in 65%, moderately decreased (20-40 mg/dl) in 20% and mildly decreased (40-50mg/dl) in 15% of the patients in our study. Patients with Pyogenic meningitis had tremendously reduced glucose level (9.0 mg/dl) in their CSF whereas in viral meningitis the CSF glucose level is highly variable (10 to 65 mg/dl). Furthermore, 5 (12.5%) patients showed high lymphocyte counts and 34 (85%) patients showed high neutrophil counts. Interestingly, in Pyogenic meningitis, the neutrophil count was very high compared to that in viral meningitis. The present study clearly demonstrates that biochemical parameters such as glucose level in CSF might be a potential tool for detecting meningitis and as well as differentiation of the different types of meningitis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v6i1-2.17080 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 6(1&2):41-49, 2011

scholarly journals State of the art olfactometers. Different types

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Human Use ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High ◽  
Human Olfaction

The complexity of human olfaction is very high and the importance of being able to measure it directly, objectively and qualitatively has led experts to search for mechanisms that can be applied. Human beings use this sense, which is one of the oldest, to recognize danger and distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant odors. Smells are mixtures of molecules that, at different concentrations in the inhaled air, stimulate the olfactory area and are recognized at the brain level. Therefore, there is a coding and decoding system. Human olfactometer techniques use equipment designed to be able to measure its intensity and quality of volatile substances. If we are able to measure this sense, we will be able to know its variations and be able to make clinical diagnoses in normal and pathological conditions and diagnose the losses that occur in certain infectious, degenerative diseases, traumatic processes and other variants. For many years, systems have been developed that can measure subjective olfaction in humans, as well as objective forms, but it is also true that there is no equipment available that is fast, simple handling and that can be applied in daily clinical services. Aim of the Study Present the recent achievements in olfactometer technology; Elaborate the scientific articles about olfactometry published mainly in the last 10 years; To gather the information published in the last years in relation to the usefulness, existence in the market and purposes of equipment that can measure the odors, what we will call the Smell-o-meter or olfactometer for human use. Material and Methods: In the first part of this research we will gather most of the information existing so far in international bibliography, as well as the achievements and utilities obtained to date. Following, we will analyze all the new concepts related to smell-o-meters devices that exist on the market and assess the possibility, based on what has been done so far, to seek new practical systems for application in the medical field.

scholarly journals Correlation of the Laboratory Findings with a Etiology of Patients Presenting with Fever followed by Altered Consciousness in a Teaching Hospital

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Amaresh Chandra Shaha ◽  
Manabendra Nath Nag ◽  
Arpita Deb ◽  
NC Nath
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Altered Consciousness ◽  
Pyogenic Meningitis ◽  
Tubercular Meningitis ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Medical Wards ◽  
Very High

Consecutive fifty subjects having fever with altered consciousness admitted into medical wards in Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur were selected to find out the aetiology and its correlation with laboratory findings of the subjects. Subjects having prolonged fever, (more than 21 days) pregnancy, trauma, drug intoxication, cerebrovascular disease and metabolic causes including liver diseases were excluded from the study. Study revealed that majority of the study subjects were below 39 years (76%) of age and most of them were male (80%). Predominant cases were found to be pyogenic meningitis (44%), followed by encephalitis (32%), cerebral malaria (20%) and tubercular meningitis (4%). Neutrophilic leucocytosis, high cerebrospinal fluid protein, very high cell count and low sugar were a common observation in pyogenic meningitis while very high erythrocytic sedimentation rate was the main findings in tubercular meningitis and high lymphocytic count was observed in encephalitis as compared to other. So it is concluded that subjects suffering from fever with altered consciousness are 1. Predominantly male of young age group. 2. pyogenic meningitis is a predominant cause. 3. Cerebrospinal fluid findings were observed to have usual findings in disease of pyogenic meningitis, encephalitis and tubercular meningitis.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i1.3300 TAJ 2005; 18(1): 25-29

Acute Viral Meningitis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Roos ◽  
Jared R. Brosch
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Meningeal Irritation ◽  
Nuchal Rigidity ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Csf Pleocytosis ◽  
The Brain

Acute viral meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges of the brain in response to a viral pathogen. Viruses cause meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, or a combination of these, meningoencephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Viral meningitis is typically a self-limited disorder with no permanent neurologic sequelae. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis. Tables describe Wallgren’s criteria for aseptic meningitis, important arboviral infections found in North America, herpes family viruses and meningitis, classic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities with viral meningitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for confirming arboviral meningitis, basic CSF studies for viral meningitis, and etiology of CSF pleocytosis. Figures depict common causes of viral meningitis, nuchal rigidity, examination for Kernig sign, and Brudzinski sign for meningeal irritation. This chapter contains 4 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, 16 references, and 5 MCQs.

Acute Viral Meningitis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Roos ◽  
Jared R. Brosch
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Meningeal Irritation ◽  
Nuchal Rigidity ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Csf Pleocytosis ◽  
The Brain

Acute viral meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges of the brain in response to a viral pathogen. Viruses cause meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, or a combination of these, meningoencephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Viral meningitis is typically a self-limited disorder with no permanent neurologic sequelae. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis. Tables describe Wallgren’s criteria for aseptic meningitis, important arboviral infections found in North America, herpes family viruses and meningitis, classic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities with viral meningitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for confirming arboviral meningitis, basic CSF studies for viral meningitis, and etiology of CSF pleocytosis. Figures depict common causes of viral meningitis, nuchal rigidity, examination for Kernig sign, and Brudzinski sign for meningeal irritation. This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 17 references.

scholarly journals Follistatin (FS) in human cerebrospinal fluid and regulation of FS expression in a mouse model of meningitis

2000 ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Michel ◽  
S Ebert ◽  
O Schneider ◽  
Y Shintani ◽  
S Bunkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Csf Analysis ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
The Brain

OBJECTIVE: Follistatin (FS) is the specific binding protein of activin and expression of both factors is regulated by inflammatory agents. Therefore, FS concentrations were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with bacterial and viral meningitis or multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as in the CSF of patients without meningial inflammation or autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, a mouse pneumococcal meningitis model was used to localise the cellular sources of FS in brains of normal and meningitic mice. METHODS: FS concentrations in CSF were determined by ELISA; FS in mice was localised by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: FS concentrations were > or =0.4 microg/l in 22 of 66 CSF samples of meningitis patients versus 2 of 27 CSF samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (P<0.05) and 2 of 41 CSF specimen from patients without neuroinflammatory diseases (P<0.01). In the CSF of patients with meningitis, the concentration of FS was correlated with total protein (P<0.005) and lactate concentrations (P<0.05), but not with leukocyte counts, interval between onset of disease and CSF analysis, or clinical outcome. The CSF-to-serum ratios of FS and albumin also correlated significantly (P<0.0005). In some patients with meningitis the CSF-to-serum ratios suggested that the elevated FS in CSF did not originate from serum alone. FS was localised in mice brains to neurones of the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, neocortex, and to the choroid plexus. Analyses of brains and other organs from uninfected and infected animals sacrificed 6-36 h after infection did not reveal any obvious differences in the distribution and intensity of FS mRNA and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of FS in humans is elevated during meningitis. In some patients the increase is caused by a release of FS from brain into CSF. Data from the mouse meningitis model suggest that increased CSF concentrations of FS in meningitis appear not to be accompanied by an elevated number of cells containing FS mRNA or protein in the brain.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON INFLUENZAL MENINGITIS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh K. Ward ◽  
Joyce Wright
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Specific Antiserum ◽  
Purulent Meningitis ◽  
Uncommon Disease ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High

1. An acute purulent meningitis due to the invasion of the meninges by Pfeiffer's influenza bacillus is not a very uncommon disease ininfants and young children. It has a very high mortality. 2. Complement is entirely absent in the cerebrospinal fluid of these cases, and bactericidal experiments suggest that the injection of a specific antiserum will have but slight lethal effect on the organisms unless complement is injected at the same time. 3. Treatment with a mixture of specific antiserum and complement led in some cases to a definite clinical improvement, coincident with sterilization and clearing of the cerebrospinal fluid. But after some days, the patients relapsed and died. Autopsy showed localized abscesses in the vicinity of the base of the brain, the lesions being definitely walled off from the general subarachnoid space. In one case, the patient recovered. 4. Since the walls of the abscesses apparently present an insuperable mechanical obstacle to the action of the antiserum and complement, the possibility of preventing the formation of abscesses is discussed. Earlier diagnosis and more rapid sterilization are the most obvious measures. Bactericidal experiments indicate that the proportion of antiserum to complement may be an important factor in bringing about a more rapid elimination of the bacilli.

Acute Viral Meningitis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Roos ◽  
Jared R. Brosch
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Meningeal Irritation ◽  
Nuchal Rigidity ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Csf Pleocytosis ◽  
The Brain

Acute viral meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges of the brain in response to a viral pathogen. Viruses cause meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, or a combination of these, meningoencephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Viral meningitis is typically a self-limited disorder with no permanent neurologic sequelae. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis. Tables describe Wallgren’s criteria for aseptic meningitis, important arboviral infections found in North America, herpes family viruses and meningitis, classic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities with viral meningitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for confirming arboviral meningitis, basic CSF studies for viral meningitis, and etiology of CSF pleocytosis. Figures depict common causes of viral meningitis, nuchal rigidity, examination for Kernig sign, and Brudzinski sign for meningeal irritation. This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 17 references.

“Where is Dementia?” A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Neuroanatomical Aspects of Dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chorong Oh ◽  
Leonard LaPointe
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Language Literature

Dementia is a condition caused by and associated with separate physical changes in the brain. The signs and symptoms of dementia are very similar across the diverse types, and it is difficult to diagnose the category by behavioral symptoms alone. Diagnostic criteria have relied on a constellation of signs and symptoms, but it is critical to understand the neuroanatomical differences among the dementias for a more precise diagnosis and subsequent management. With this regard, this review aims to explore the neuroanatomical aspects of dementia to better understand the nature of distinctive subtypes, signs, and symptoms. This is a review of English language literature published from 1996 to the present day of peer-reviewed academic and medical journal articles that report on older people with dementia. This review examines typical neuroanatomical aspects of dementia and reinforces the importance of a thorough understanding of the neuroanatomical characteristics of the different types of dementia and the differential diagnosis of them.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

Fibrinolytic Activity of Cerebro-Spinal Fluid and the Development of Artificial Cerebral Haematomas in Dogs

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Mihara ◽  
T Fujii ◽  
S Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Trans Form ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fibrin Plate ◽  
The Brain

SummaryBlood was injected into the brains of dogs to produce artificial haematomas, and paraffin injected to produce intracerebral paraffin masses. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood samples were withdrawn at regular intervals and their fibrinolytic activities estimated by the fibrin plate method. Trans-form aminomethylcyclohexane-carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA) was administered to some individuals. Genera] relationships were found between changes in CSF fibrinolytic activity, area of tissue damage and survival time. t-AMCHA was clearly beneficial to those animals given a programme of administration. Tissue activator was extracted from the brain tissue after death or sacrifice for haematoma examination. The possible role of tissue activator in relation to haematoma development, and clinical implications of the results, are discussed.

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